THE  U.  S.  RECLAMATION  SERVICE 

ITS  HISTORY,  ACTIVITIES 
AND    ORGANIZATION 


PUBLICATIONS  OF  THE 
INSTITUTE  FOR  GOVERNMENT  RESEARCH 


STUDIES  IN  ADMINISTRATION 

The  System  of  Financial  Administration  of  Great  Britain 

By  W.  F.  Willoughby,  W.  W.  Willoughby  and  S.  M.  Lindsay 

The  Budget 

By  Ren6  Stourm 
T.  Plazinski,  Translator,  W.  F.  McCaleb,  Editor 

The  Canadian  Budgetary  System 

By  H.  G.  Villard  and  W.  W.  Willoughby 

The  Problem  of  a  National  Budget 

By  W.  F.  Willoughby 

The  Movement  for  Budgetary  Reform  in  the  States 

By  W.  F.  WUloughby 

Teachers'  Pension  Systems  in  the  United  States 

By  Paul  Studensky  (In  press) 

The  System  of  Financial   Administration   of  the   United 
States  (In  preparation) 


PRINCIPLES  OF  ADMINISTRATION 

Principles  Governing  the  Retirement  of  Public  Employees 
By  Lewis  Meriam 

Principles  of  Government  Purchasing 

By  A.  G.  Thomas 

SERVICE  MONOGRAPHS  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES  GOVERN- 
MENT 

The  Reclamation  Service 

The  United  States  Geological  Survey  (In  press) 


D.  APPLETON  AND  COMPANY 

PUBLISHERS  NEW  YORK 


INSTITUTE   FOR    GOVERNMENT   RESEARCH 
SERVICE  MONOGRAPHS 

OF  THE 

UNITED  STATES  GOVERNMENT 
No.  2 


THE  U.  S. 
RECLAMATION  SERVICE 

ITS  HISTORY,  ACTIVITIES  AND 
ORGANIZATION 


D.  APPLETON  AND  COMPANY 

NEW  YORK  LONDON 

1919 


COPYRIGHT,   1919,   BY 

THE  INSTITUTE  FOR  GOVERNMENT  RESEARCH 


THE  INSTITUTE  FOR  GOVERNMENT  RESEARCH 

Washington,  D.  C. 


The  Institute  for  Government  Research  is  an  association  of  citi- 
zens for  cooperating  with  public  officials  in  the  scientific  study  of 
government  with  a  view  to  promoting  efficiency  and  economy  in 
its  operations  and  advancing  the  science  of  administration.  It 
aims  to  bring  into  existence  such  information  and  materials  as  will 
aid  in  the  formation  of  public  opinion,  and  will  assist  officials,  par- 
ticularly those  of  the  national  government,  in  their  efforts  to  put  the 
public  administration  upon  a  more  efficient  basis. 

To  this  end,  it  seeks  by  the  thoroughgoing  study  and  examination 
of  the  best  administrative  practice,  public  and  private,  American 
and  foreign,  to  formulate  those  principles  which  lie  at  the  basis  of 
all  sound  administration,  and  to  determine  their  proper  adaptation 
to  the  specific  needs  of  our  public  administration. 

The  accomplishment  of  specific  reforms  the  Institute  recognizes 
to  be  the  task  of  those  who  are  charged  with  the  responsibility  of 
legislation  and  administration;  but  it  seeks  to  assist,  by  scientific 
study  and  research,  in  laying  a  solid  foundation  of  information  and 
experience  upon  which  such  reforms  may  be  successfully  built. 

While  some  of  the  Institute's  studies  find  application  only  in 
the  form  of  practical  cooperation  with  the  administrative  officers 
directly  concerned,  many  are  of  interest  to  other  administrators 
and  of  general  educational  value.  The  results  of  such  studies  the 
Institute  purposes  to  publish  in  such  form  as  will  insure  for  them 
the  widest  possible  utilization. 


Frank  J.  Goodnow, 

Chairman 


Edwin  A.  Alderman 
Robert  S.  Brookings 
James  F.  Curtis 
R.  Fulton  Cutting 
Raymond  B.  Fosdick 
Felix  Frankfurter 


Officers 
Robert  S.  Brookings, 

Vice-Chairman 

Frederick  Strauss, 

Treasurer 


Charles  P.  Neill, 

Secretary 


Trustees 

Frank  J.  Goodnow 
Jerome  D.  Greene 
Arthur  T.  Hadley 
Cesar  Lombardi 
A.  Lawrence  Lowell 
Samuel  Mather 
Charles  P.  Neill 

Director 
W.  F.  Willoughby 


Charles  D.  Norton 
Martin  A.  Ryerson 
Frederick  Strauss 
Theodore  N.  Vail 
Charles  R.  Van  Hise 
Robert  S.  Woodward 


4SS703 


FOREWORD 

The  first  essential  to  efficient  administration  of  any  enter- 
prise is  full  knowledge  of  its  present  make-up  and  operation. 
Without  full  and  complete  information  before  them,  as  to 
existing  organization,  personnel,  plant,  and  methods  of  opera- 
tion and  control,  neither  legislators  nor  administrators  can 
properly  perform  their  functions. 

The  greater  the  work,  the  more  varied  the  activities  engaged 
in,  and  the  more  complex  the  organization  employed,  the  more 
imperative  becomes  the  necessity  that  this  information  shall 
be  available — and  available  in  such  a  form  that  it  can  be  readily 
utilized. 

Of  all  undertakings,  none  in  the  United  States,  and  few,  if 
any,  in  the  world,  approach  in  magnitude,  complexity,  and  im- 
portance that  of  the  national  government  of  the  United  States. 
As  President  Taft  expressed  it  in  his  message  to  Congress  of 
January  17,  1912,  in  referring  to  the  inquiry  being  made  under 
his  direction  into  the  efficiency  and  economy  of  the  methods 
of  prosecuting  public  business,  the  activities  of  the  national 
government  "are  almost  as  varied  as  those  of  the  entire  busi- 
ness world.  The  operations  of  the  Government  affect  the  in- 
terest of  every  person  living  within  the  jurisdiction  of  the 
United  States.  Its  organization  embraces  stations  and  centers 
of  work  located  in  every  city  and  in  many  local  subdivisions 
of  the  country.  Its  gross  expenditures  amount  to  nearly 
$1,000,000,000  annually.  Including  the  personnel  of  the  mili- 
tary and  naval  establishments,  more  than  400,000  persons  are 
required  to  do  the  work  imposed  by  law  upon  the  executive 
branch  of  the  Government. 

"This  vast  organization  has  never  been  studied  in  detail  as 
one  piece  of  administrative  mechanism.  Never  have  the  f  oun- 


viii  FOREWORD 

dations  been  laid  for  a  thorough  consideration  of  the  relations 
of  all  of  its  parts.  No  comprehensive  effort  has  been  made  to 
list  its  multifarious  activities  or  to  group  them  in  such  a  way 
as  to  present  a  clear  picture  of  what  the  Government  is  doing. 
Never  has  a  complete  description  been  given  of  the  agencies 
through  which  these  activities  are  performed.  At  no  time  has 
the  attempt  been  made  to  study  all  of  these  activities  and  agen- 
cies with  a  view  to  the  assignment  of  each  activity  to  the 
agency  best  fitted  for  its  performance,  to  the  avoidance  of 
duplication  of  plant  and  work,  to  the  integration  of  all  ad- 
ministrative agencies  of  the  Government,  so  far  as  may  be 
practicable,  into  a  unified  organization  for  the  most  effective 
and  economical  dispatch  of  public  business." 

To  lay  the  basis  for  such  a  comprehensive  study  of  the 
organizations  and  operations  of  the  national  government  as 
President  Taft  outlines,  the  Institute  for  Government  Re- 
search has  undertaken  the  preparation  of  a  series  of  mono- 
graphs, of  which  the  present  study  is  one,  giving  a  detailed 
description  of  each  of  the  fifty  or  more  distinct  services  of 
the  Government.  These  studies  are  being  vigorously  prose- 
cuted, and  it  is  hoped  that  all  services  of  the  Government  will 
be  covered  in  a  comparatively  brief  space  of  time.  There- 
after, revisions  of  the  monographs  will  be  made  from  time 
to  time  as  need  arises,  to  the  end  that  they  may,  as  far  as 
is  practicable,  represent  current  conditions. 

These  monographs  are  all  prepared  according  to  a  uniform 
plan.  They  give:  First,  the  history  of  the  establishment  and 
development  of  the  service;  second,  its  functions,  described 
not  in  general  terms,  but  by  detailing  its  specific  activities; 
third,  its  organization  for  the  handling  of  these  activities; 
fourth,  the  character  of  its  plant;  fifth,  a  compilation  of,  or 
reference  to,  the  laws  and  regulations  governing  its  opera- 
tions; sixth,  financial  statements  showing  its  appropriations, 
expenditures  and  other  data  for  a  period  of  years;  and  finally, 
a  full  bibliography  of  the  sources  of  information,  official  and 
private,  bearing  on  the  service  and  its  operations. 


FOREWORD  ix 

In  the  preparation  of  these  monographs  the  Iristitute  has 
kept  steadily  in  mind  the  aim  to  produce  documents  that  will 
be  of  direct  value  and  assistance  in  the  administration  of  pub- 
lic affairs.  To  executive  officials  they  offer  valuable  tools  of 
administration.  Through  them,  such  officers  can,  with  a  mini- 
mum of  effort,  inform  themselves  regarding  the  details,  not 
only  of  their  own  services,  but  of  others  with  whose  facilities, 
activities  and  methods  it  is  desirable  that  they  should  be  fa- 
miliar. Under  present  conditions  services  frequently  engage 
in  activities  in  ignorance  of  the  fact  that  the  work  projected 
has  already  been  done,  or  is  in  process  of  execution  by  other 
services.  Many  cases  exist  where  one  service  can  make  ef- 
fective use  of  the  organization,  plant  or  results  of  other  serv- 
ices had  they  knowledge  that  such  facilities  were  in  existence. 
With  the  constant  shifting  of  directing  personnel  that  takes 
place  in  the  administrative  branch  of  the  national  government, 
the  existence  of  means  by  which  incoming  officials  may  thus 
readily  secure  information  regarding  their  own  and  other 
services  is  a  matter  of  great  importance. 

To  members  of  Congress  the  monographs  should  prove  of 
no  less  value.  At  present  these  officials  are  called  upon  to 
legislate  and  appropriate  money  for  services  concerning  whose 
needs  and  real  problems  they  can  secure  but  imperfect  infor- 
mation. That  the  possession  by  each  member  of  a  set  of  mon- 
ographs, such  as  is  here  projected,  prepared  according  to  a 
uniform  plan,  will  be  a  great  aid  to  intelligent  legislation  and 
appropriation  of  funds,  can  hardly  be  questioned. 

To  the  public,  finally,  these  monographs  will  give  that 
knowledge  of  the  organization  and  operations  of  their  govern- 
ment which  must  be  had  if  an  enlightened  public  opinion  is  to 
be  brought  to  bear  upon  the  conduct  of  government  affairs. 

These  studies  are  wholly  descriptive  in  character.  No  at- 
tempt is  made  in  them  to  subject  the  conditions  described  to 
criticism,  nor  to  indicate  features  in  respect  to  which  changes 
might  with  advantage  be  made.  Upon  administrators  them- 
selves falls  responsibility  for  making  or  proposing  changes 


x  FOREWORD 

which  will  result  in  the  improvement  of  methods  of  adminis- 
tration. The  primary  aim  of  outside  agencies  should  be  to 
emphasize  this  responsibility  and  facilitate  its  fulfillment. 

While  the  monographs  thus  make  no  direct  recommenda- 
tions for  improvement,  they  cannot  fail  greatly  to  stimulate 
efforts  in  that  direction.  Prepared  as  they  are  according  to 
a  uniform  plan,  and  setting  forth  as  they  do  the  activities, 
plant,  organization,  personnel  and  laws  governing  the  several 
services  of  the  government,  they  will  automatically,  as  it  were, 
reveal,  for  example,  the  extent  to  which  work  in  the  same  field 
is  being  performed  by  different  services,  and  thus  furnish  the 
information  that  is  essential  to  a  consideration  of  the  great 
question  of  the  better  distribution  and  coordination  of  activi- 
ties among  the  several  departments,  establishments  and  bu- 
reaus, and  the  elimination  of  duplications  of  plant,  organiza- 
tion and  work.  Through  them  it  will  also  be  possible  to 
subject  any  particular  feature  of  the  administrative  work  of 
the  government  to  exhaustive  study,  to  determine,  for  exam- 
ple, what  facilities,  in  the  way  of  laboratories  and  other  plant 
and  equipment,  exist  for  the  prosecution  of  any  line  of  work 
and  where  those  facilities  are  located;  or  what  work  is  being 
done  in  any  field  of  administration  or  research,  such  as  the 
promotion,  protection  and  regulation  of  the  maritime  inter- 
ests of  the  country,  the  planning  and  execution  of  works  of 
an  engineering  character,  or  the  collection,  compilation  and 
publication  of  statistical  data,  or  what  differences  of  practice 
prevail  in  respect  to  organization,  classification,  appointment, 
and  promotion  of  personnel. 

To  recapitulate,  the  monographs  will  serve  the  double  pur- 
pose of  furnishing  an  essential  tool  for  efficient  legislation, 
administration  and  popular  control,  and  of  laying  the  basis  for 
critical  and  constructive  work  on  the  part  of  those  upon  whom 
responsibility  for  such  work  primarily  rests. 

Whenever  possible  the  language  of  official  statements  or  re- 
ports has  been  employed,  and  it  has  not  been  practicable  in  all 
cases  to  make  specific  indication  of  the  language  so  quoted. 


CONTENTS 

CHAPTER  pAGE 

I.    HISTORY i 

Irrigation  Development  Prior  to  1880  ....  2 
Legislation  Relative  to  Private  Irrigation  Works  on 

the  Public  Lands,  1866-1901 3 

Reclamation  of  the  Public  Lands  by  the  States,  1894 

to  Date  .  ..'....  5 
Movement  for  National  Construction  of  Reclamation 

Works,  1878-1902 8 

Passage  of  the  Reclamation  Act 16 

Origin  and  Development  of  the  Reclamation  Service  23 

Development  of  Reclamation  Policy,  1902  to  Date  .  26 

II.  ACTIVITIES 33 

Characteristics  of  Projects 33 

Location  of  Projects 41 

Designing  the  Project  Works 47 

Construction  of  Projects 51 

Opening  of  Projects 57 

Fiscal  Management  of  Projects 59 

Operation  of  Works .62 

Transfer  to  Water  Users'  Association  ...        .64 

Dissemination  of  Information  to  Water  Users  .        .  67 

III.  ORGANIZATION 70 

The  Secretary  of  the  Interior 71 

Reclamation  Commission 74 

Executive  and  Engineering  Division  ....  75 

Legal  Division 83 

Fiscal  Division 86 

Office  of  the  Supervisor  of  Irrigation  ....  86 

APPENDIX        .        . 89 

1.  OUTLINE  OF  ORGANIZATION 89 

2.  CLASSIFICATION   OF  ACTIVITIES 98 

3.  PUBLICATIONS    . 100 

4.  MAJOR  EQUIPMENT  FOR  ALL  PROJECTS  ON  JUNE  30,  1917  103 

5.  LAWS 104 

6.  FINANCIAL   STATEMENTS 125 

1.  Total  Receipts  and  Disbursements  of  Reclamation 

Fund  to  June  30,  1917 126 

2.  Total  Receipts  and  Disbursements  of  Reclamation 

Fund  to  June  30,  1917,  by  years      .        .        .127 

3.  Disbursements  and  Collections  on  Primary  Proj- 

ects, by  Projects,  to  June  30,  1917  .        .        .  128 

7.  STATISTICS  OF  CONSTRUCTION 129 

8.  BIBLIOGRAPHY 132 

AUTHOR  INDEX  TO  BIBLIOGRAPHY  .....                 .  169 

GENERAL  INDEX .        .  173 

xi 


THE  U.  S.  RECLAMATION 
SERVICE 


CHAPTER  I 
HISTORY 

^s 

The  Reclamation  Service  is  a  civil  engineering  organization 
of  the  federal  government  in  the  Department  of  the  Interior. 
Its  functions  are  to  examine,  survey,  construct  and  maintain 
irrigation  works  for  the  storage,  diversion,  and  distribution  of 
water  for  the  reclamation  of  arid  and  semiarid  lands  in  the 
western  part  of  the  United  States. 

The  arid  regions  of  the  United  States,  as  generally  desig- 
nated, include  about  two-fifths  of  its  entire  area,  extending 
from  about  the  middle  of  the  continent  westerly  nearly  to  the 
Pacific  Ocean.  There  are  no  sharply  marked  lines  or  divisions 
between  the  arid  and  the  humid  areas,  but  there  is,  especially 
near  the  center  of  the  United  States,  a  broad  intermediate  belt, 
neither  distinctly  arid  nor  distinctly  humid,  which  is  called  the 
subhumid  or  semiarid  region.  This  belt  extends  over  North 
Dakota,  South  Dakota,  western  Nebraska,  and  western  Kansas 
into  Oklahoma  and  the  panhandle  of  Texas.  In  years  of 
excessive  moisture  the  subhumid  region  sometimes  creeps  up 
toward  the  foothills  of  the  Rocky  Mountains,  while  during 
dry  years  the  greater  part  of  the  plains  region  west  of  the 
Missouri  becomes  semiarid. 

Water  is  available  to  irrigate  only  a  small  portion  of  the 
total  area  of  the  arid  regions.  Estimates  vary  as  to  the  size 
of  the  area  which  can  be  irrigated.  In  the  first  annual  report 


2  THE  tf.  S.  'RECLAMATION  SERVICE 

of  the  Reclamation  Service  it  is  stated  that  "under  the  most 
complete  system  of  irrigation  possible  it  is  probable  that  not 
over  five  per  cent,  of  the  arable  land  can  be  irrigated  in  any 
one  of  the  western  states." 

Eor  a  full  understanding  of  the  origin  and  development  of 
the  Reclamation  Service  and  of  the  laws  under  which  it  oper- 
ates, some  account  is  necessary  of  the  conditions  surrounding 
early  private  reclamation  enterprises  in  this  country,  and  of 
the  previous  policy  of  the  national  government  toward  reclam- 
ation of  the  public  lands.  This  account  falls  under  the  follow- 
ing heads : 

i.  Irrigation  development  prior  to  1880. 
y  2.  Legislation  relative  to  private  irrigation  works  on  the 
public  lands,  1866-1901. 

3.  Reclamation  of  the  public  lands  by  the  states,  1894  to 
date. 

Irrigation  Development  Prior  to  1880.  Irrigation  of  arid 
lands  of  the  West  dates  back  far  before  the  historic  period. 
Remains  of  irrigation  canals  and  distributing  systems  are 
found,  notably  in  Arizona  and  adjacent  states,  in  proximity  to 
the  ruins  of  the  habitations  built  by  the  Pueblo  or  town-dwel- 
ling Indians.  The  Spanish  conquerors  coming  northerly  from 
Mexico  enlarged  the  works  of  the  natives  or  built  new  canals 
to  bring  water  to  the  fields  surrounding  their  settlements.  The 
first  English  speaking  people  to  adopt  the  art  were  the  small 
party  of  Mormon  pioneers  who,  in  the  summer  of  1847,  set- 
tled in  the  Great  Salt  Lake  Valley.  Their  systematic  reclama- 
tion of  the  surrounding  areas  served  as  an  object  lesson  for 
larger  undertakings. 

In  the  decade  1870-1880,  the  practice  of  irrigation  in  this 
country  was  greatly  advanced  by  the  success  of  several  coop- 
erative colonization  enterprises  in  northeastern  Colorado.  Of 
these  the  first  and  best  known  was  the  Union  Colony  at  Gree- 
ley,  the  organizers  of  which  were  familiar  with  the  methods 
employed  in  Utah.  So  successful  were  these  colonies  that  they 


HISTORY  3 

were  said  to  have  "made  of  northeastern  Colorado  one  of  the 
most  vigorous  agricultural  districts  of  the  country/' l 

There  are  no  reliable  statistics  as  to  the  extent  of  early  irri- 
gation development,  but  the  available  information  indicates 
that  from  a  few  thousand  acres  in  1850  there  was  steady  in- 
crease to  approximately  50,000  acres  in  1860,  and  possibly 
200,000  acres  in  1870,  followed  by  rapid  development,  so  that 
approximately  1,000,000  acres  produced  hay  and  cultivated 
crops  in  1880. 

Legislation  Relative  to  Private  Irrigation  Works  on  the 
Public  Lands,  1866-1901.  The  peculiar  conditions  of  water 
supply  existing  in  the  arid  region  had  early  given  rise  to  special 
legislation  in  all  of  the  states  and  territories  in  that  region  reg- 
ulating the  rights  of  private  enterprises  to  the  use  of  water. 
In  1866,  the  first  legislation  relative  to  water  rights  on  the 
public  lands  was  enacted  by  Congress.  By  act  of  July  26,  1866 
(sec.  9,  14  Stat.  L.,  253 ),2  rights  to  the  use  of  water  on  the 
public  lands  vested  under  local  laws  and  customs  were  con- 
firmed.3 Although  the  enactment  of  this  provision  was  due 
primarily  to  the  needs  of  the  hydraulic  mining  industry,  its 
language  was  drawn  to  embrace  also  the  use  of  water  for 
"agricultural,  manufacturing,  or  other  purposes." 

Positive  action  in  the  direction  of  securing  irrigation  of  the 
arid  lands  for  agricultural  purposes  was  first  taken  in  1875. 
By  an  act  of  March  3,  1875  (18  Stat.  L.,  497),  provision  was 
made  for  the  disposition  of  the  arid  lands,  termed  by  the  act 
"desert  lands/'  of  Lassen  County,  California,  to  entrymen 
who  would  irrigate  them. 

Two  years  later,  by  the  so-called  "desert  land  law"  (act  of 
March  3,  1877,  19  Stat.  L.,  377),  this  policy  was  extended  to 

'Widtsoe,  Principles  of  Irrigation  Practice,  p.  461. 

2  Now  section  2339,  Revised  Statutes. 

3  By  section  17  of  the  act  of  July  9,  1870  (16  Stat.  L.,  218),  now 
section  2340,  Revised  Statutes,  all  patents,  preemptions  and  home- 
steads allowed  were  made  subject  to  such  vested  and  allowed  water 
rights. 


4  THE  U.  S.  RECLAMATION  SERVICE 

the  states  of  California,  Oregon,  and  Nevada,  and  the  terri- 
tories of  Washington,  Idaho,  Montana,  Utah,  Wyoming,  Ari- 
zona, New  Mexico,  and  Dakota.  The  act  provided  for  the 
sale,  at  $1.25  per  acre,  of  not  more  than  640  acres  of  desert 
lands  to  any  person  who  had  filed  a  declaration  of  intention  to 
-.become  a,  citizen,  upon  condition  that  he  irrigate  the  lands, 
three  years  being  allowed  him  for  this  purpose.  "Desert 
lands"  were  defined  by  the  act  to  be  "all  lands,  exclusive  of 
timber  lands  and  mineral  lands  which  will  not,  without  irriga- 
tion, produce  some  agricultural  crop." 

In  1891  (sec.  2,  act  of  March  3,  1891,  26  Stat.  L,,  1095), 
the  desert  land  act  was  extended  to  the  state  of  Colorado  and 
\J  was  modified  to  permit  two  or  more  persons  to  "associate  to- 
gether in  the  construction  of  canals  and  ditches  for  irrigating 
and  reclaiming"  their  tracts  under  a  joint  plan.  The  provision 
for  proof  of  irrigation  was,  however,  made  much  more  severe, 
it  being  required  that  the  entryman  expend,  in  each  of  the 
three  years  allowed  for  reclamation,  not  less  than  one  dollar 
per  acre  "in  the  necessary  irrigation  and  cultivation  thereof, 
by  means  of  main  canals  and  branch  ditches  and  in  permanent 
improvements  upon  the  land,  and  in  the  purchase  of  water 
rights  for  the  irrigation  of  the  same."  In  addition,  proof  of 
the  cultivation  of  one-eighth  of  the  land  within  the  three  year 
period  was  required. 

In  the  same  act  there  was  for  the  first  time  extended  to  irri- 
V  gation  works  a  policy  which  had  long  before  been  adopted  with 
reference  to  roads  and  railroads  through  the  public  lands.  By 
sections  1 8  to  21  of  the  act  there  was  granted  "to  any  canal  or 
ditch  company  formed  for  the  purpose  of  irrigation,"  and  to 
any  individual  or  association  of  individuals  constructing 
canals,  ditches  or  reservoirs  for  that  purpose,  "the  right  of 
way  through  the  public  lands  and  reservations  of  the  United 
States  ...  to  the  extent  of  the  ground  occupied  by  the  water 
of  the  reservoir  and  of  the  canal  and  its  laterals,  and  fifty  feet 
on  each  side  of  the  marginal  limits  thereof ;  also  the  right  to 
take  from  the  public  lands  adjacent  to  the  line  of  the  canal  or 


HISTORY  5 

ditch,  material,  earth  and  stone,  necessary  for  the  construction 
of  such  canal  or  ditch." 

In  1901,  by  act  of  February  15(31  Stat.  L.,  790),  the  grant 
of  rights  of  way  over  the  public  lands  for  water  works  was 
extended  so  as  to  include  the  conveyance  of  water  for  almost 
every  purpose.  The  Secretary  of  the  Interior  was  empowered 
"to  permit  the  use  of  rights  of  way  through  the  public  lands, 
forest  and  other  reservations"  and  through  certain  national 
parks,  "for  canals,  ditches,  pipes  and  pipe  lines,  flumes,  tun- 
nels, or  other  water  conduits,  and  for  water  plants,  dams,  and 
reservoirs  used  to  promote  irrigation  or  mining  or  quarrying, 
or  the  manufacturing  or  cutting  of  timber  or  lumber,1  or  the 
supplying  of  water  for  domestic,  public,  or  any  other  benefi- 
cial uses." 

Reclamation  of  the  Public  Lands  by  the  States,  1894  to 
Date.  Within  a  few  years  after  the  passage  of  the  act  of 
1891,  which  may  be  regarded  as  the  most  important  single 
enactment  relative  to  the  reclamation  of  the  public  lands  by 
private  enterprise,  provision  was  made  by  Congress  for  rec- 
lamation by  public  land  states.  By  section  4  of  the  sundry 
civil  appropriation  act  of  August  18,  1894  (28  Stat.  L.,  422), 
commonly  known  as  the  Carey  Act,  the  government  offered  to 
contract  with  any  of  the  states  containing  arid  lands,  binding 
itself  "to  donate,  grant  and  patent  to  the  State  free  of  cost 
for  survey  or  price  such  desert  lands,  not  exceeding  one  mil- 
lion acres  in  each  State,  as  the  State  may  cause  to  be  irrigated, 
reclaimed,  occupied,  and  not  less  than  twenty  acres  of  each 
lone  hundred  and  sixty  acre  tract  cultivated  by  actual  settlers, 
*vithin  ten  years  next  after  the  passage  of  this  act." 

Two  years  later,  by  act  of  June  n,  1896  (29  Stat.  L.,  434), 
the  scope  of  the  act  was  extended  by  providing  that  patents 
should  issue  to  a  state  for  any  particular  tract  of  land  re- 
lights of  way  for  canals  and  reservoirs  for  "the  business  of 
mining  or  quarrying  or  of  cutting  timber  and  manufacturing  lumber" 
had  already  been  granted  by  the  act  of  January  21,  1895  (2^  Stat. 
L.,  635).  ' 


6  THE  U.  S.  RECLAMATION  SERVICE 

claimed  under  the  act  "when  an  ample  supply  of  water  is 
V  actually  furnished  in  a  substantial  ditch  or  canal  or  by  artesian 
wells  or  reservoirs,  without  regard  to  settlement  or  cultiva- 
tion." 1 

On  March  3,  1901  (31  Stat.  L.,  1188),  Congress  extended 
the  terms  of  this  law,  which  had  been  limited  to  ten  years  from 
the  date  of  its  original  passage,  so  that  it  should  remain  in 
continued  operation,  allowing  ten  years  for  the  reclamation  of 
each  body  of  land  segregated  thereunder. 

In  the  eight  years  which  elapsed  between  the  enactment  of 
the  Carey  Act  and  that  of  the  Reclamation  Act,  but  seven  of 
the  states  covered  by  the  Carey  Act  took  any  steps  to  take 
advantage  of  its  provisions.  Out  of  the  total  area  of  7,- 
000,000  acres  open  to  them  for  filing,  these  states  had  made 
application  for  less  than  1,200,000  acres.  Only  four  of  the 
states  had,  however,  filed  their  applications  in  approved  form, 
their  applications  covering  less  than  600,000  acres,  and  of 
these  only  one  state,  Wyoming,  had  filed  proper  proofs  of 
reclamation,  as  required  by  the  law,  as  to  any  of  the  land 
applied  for;  so  that  the  11,321  acres  patented  to  that  state 
constituted  the  whole  of  the  net  results  of  the  Carey  Act  dur- 
ing the  first  eight  years  of  its  operation. 

In  the  twenty-three  years  from  the  passage  of  the  act  to 
June  30,  1917,  ten  states  in  all  made  applications  under  the  act, 
but  of  these  only  six  filed  proofs  of  reclamation  resulting  in 
patent.  To  these  a  total  of  slightly  more  than  800,000  acres 
was  patented,  and  of  this  over  520,000  acres  were  patented 
to  Idaho,  and  over  150,000  to  Wyoming.  Of  the  remaining 
130,727  acres,  62,718  were  patented  to  Oregon,  30,683  to 
Montana,  25,814  to  Utah,  and  11,511  to  Colorado. 

It  thus  appears  that  but  few  of  the  states  have  taken  ex- 
tensive action  to  obtain  the  benefits  contemplated  by  the  Carey 

1  By  this  act  also  the  states  were  authorized  to  create  a  lien  against 
all  lands  reclaimed  "for  the  actual  cost  and  necessary  expenses  of 
reclamation  and  reasonable  interest  thereon  from  the  date  of  recla- 
mation until  disposed  of  to  actual  settlers,"  such  lien  to  be  "valid  on 
and  against  the  separate  legal  subdivisions  of  land  reclaimed." 


HISTORY  7 

Act.  During  the  last  ten  years  little  activity  has  been  dis- 
played in  the  construction  of  reclamation  works  under  this 
act,  be^us^^f^the_fa^cjj^atjiiost  of  these  projectsjiave  been 
financially  unprofitable  to  the  investors. 

In  1912,  a  committee  was  appointed  by  the  Secretary  of  the 
Interior  to  report  upon  the  historical  and  current  conditions 
of  Carey  Act  projects.  The  report,  rendered  under  date  of 
February  15,  1913,*  states  that  much  actual  development  has 
been  accomplished.  The  failure  to  accomplish  still  more  is 
attributed  by  the  report  to  improper  administratioiLof  the  act 
by  the  states  and  improper  management  by  the  promoters  of 
the  several  projects.  In  particular  the  report  criticizes  the 
segregation  of  lands  for  long  periods  of  time  at  the  request  of 
promoters,  the  segregation  of  lands  having  insufficient  watex 
supply,  the  underestimation  ofjthe_cost_of  irrigation  works^ 
carelessness  and  inefficiency,  and  in  some  cases  dishonesty  on 
the  part  of  state  ^offiqals-in-  th^ir  supervision  of  foe  worfc  Of 
construction,  improper  methods  of  disposing  of  the  lands,  re- 
sulting in  their  appropriation  by  speculators  rather  than  actual 
settlers,  and  the  imposition  of  unduly  burdensome  water Jiates._ 
The  report  concludes : 

The  chief  obstacle  in  the  way  of  Carey  Act  projects  at 
present  is  a  general  lack  of  confidence  on  account  of  past 
failures,  resulting  in  inability  to  secure  financial  backing. 
When  a  market  for  Carey  Act  bonds  is  found,  it  is  generally 
at  a  price  to  the  developing  company  of  80  to  85,  thus  making 
the  cost  of  money  to  the  company  at  the  rate  of  7  per  cent 
or  more  on  the  basis  of  a  6  per  cent  bond,  and  in  addition 
requiring  the  redemption  payment  for  the  bond  to  be  from  20 
to  25  per  cent  greater  than  the  original  proceeds.  The  cost  of 
colonization,  which  is  a  surprisingly  large  item  in  undertakings 
of  this  character ;  the  cost  of  administration  during  a  period 
of  20  years  more  or  less,  from  the  beginning  of  construction 
until  the  last  deferred  payments  have  been  made  by  settlers; 
the  cost  for  interest  for  the  period  of  investigation  and  con- 
1  This  report  was  prepared  by  Herman  Stabler,  of  the  U.  S.  Geo- 
logical Survey,  P.  R.  Dudley,  of  the  Land  Office,  and  F.  W.  Hanna, 
of  the  U.  S.  Reclamation  Service,  and  was  printed  as  Senate  Docu- 
ment No.  1097,  62d  Congress,  3d  Session. 


8  THE  U.  S.  RECLAMATION  SERVICE 

struction  and  until  the  interest  on  settlers'  notes  is  sufficient 
to  offset  the  bond  interest ;  and  a  profit,  even  though  small,  for 
the  developing  company  and  the  people  who  have  taken  the 
risks  of  the  development,  increase  the  cost  of  the  land  to  the 
settler,  under  even  the  best  projects  of  this  character,  to  an 
amount  in  the  neighborhood  of  twice  the  actual  construction 
cost. 

It  is  evidently  not  possible  under  any  scheme  of  financing 
and  development  to  remove  all  of  these  items  of  cost  from 
irrigated  land.  Under  the  Government  projects  of  the  Recla- 
mation Service  the  items  of  interest  and  profit  have  been  elim- 
inated, but  the  costs  of  colonization  and  administration  re- 
main, in  addition  to  the  actual  costs  of  construction.  It  has 
been  suggested  that  the  same  items  could  be  reduced  under  the 
Carey  Act  by  the  States  lending  their  credit  to  the  projects 
and  supervising  their  development  in  such  manner  as  to  assure 
successful  development  under  reasonable  conditions. 

Movement  for  National  Construction  of  Reclamation 
Works,  1878-1902.  During  the  whole  of  the  period  covered 
by  the  legislation  outlined  in  the  preceding  sections  for  the 
development  of  the  arid  lands  by  private  enterprise  and  by 
state  action,  there  had  been  carried  on,  by  members  of  Con- 
gress, by  officials  of  the  government,  and  by  private  citizens, 
individually  and  in  associations,  a  movement  for  the  more 
direct  treatment  of  the  problem  of  reclamation  by  the  national 
government  through  the  actual  construction  by  it  of  reclama- 
tion works  on  a  large  scale. 

Among  the  earliest  and  most  notable  of  those  who  took  this 
view  was  Major  John  Wesley  Powell,  who  had  made  an  ex- 
tensive study  of  the  relatively  unknown  west,  his  exploration 
of  the  Grand  Canyon  of  the  Colorado  River  being  particularly 
notable.  His  "Report  on  the  land  of  the  arid  region  of  the 
United  States  with  a  more  detailed  account  of  the  land  of 
Utah,  with  maps,"  published  in  1878,  attracted  general  atten- 
tion. Particularly  noteworthy  was  his  discussion  of  the 
methods  to  be  employed  for  the  redemption  of  the  arid  region. 
He  stated  that  there  were  involved  "engineering  problems  re- 
quiring for  their  solution  the  greatest  skill.  ...  To  a  great 


HISTORY  9 

extent  the  redemption  of  all  these  lands  will  require  exten- 
sive and  comprehensive  plans  for  the  execution  of  which  ag- 
gregate capital  or  cooperative  labor  will  be  necessary.  Here 
individual  farmers  being  poor  men  can  not  undertake  the  task. 
For  its  accomplishment  a  wise  provision  embodied  in  carefully 
considered  legislation  is  necessary."  He  also  suggested  legis- 
lation to  authorize  the  organization  of  irrigation  districts  and 
of  pasturage  districts,  providing  in  particular  "that  the  right 
to  the  water  necessary  for  the  redemption  of  an  irrigated  farm 
shall  inhere  in  the  land  .  .  .  and  the  right  to  the  water  shall 
pass  with  the  title  to  the  land." 

As  Director  of  the  United  States  Geological  Survey  from 
1 88 1  to  1894,  Major  Powell  persistently  urged  suitable  legis- 
lation, and  in  his  various  writings  from  1878  to  1894  he  stated 
definitely  that  the  general  government  must  of  necessity  deal 
directly  with  the  irrigation  question.  His  reports  were  much 
discussed  by  those  who  were  interested  in  the  development  of 
the  west,  and  under  his  frequent  and  urgent  presentations  the 
subject  attracted  more  and  more  attention  from  year  to  year. 

Finally,  in  1888,  his  views,  which  were  strongly  seconded 
by  several  members  of  Congress,  were  recognized  by  Congress 
to  the  extent  of  the  authorization  of  an  investigation  of  the 
practicability  of  constructing  irrigation  reservoirs  in  the  arid 
region.  Several  months  later  an  appropriation  of  $100,000 
was  made  for  the  work  and  in  the  next  year  an  appropriation 
of  $250,000. 

The  original  resolution  authorizing  the  investigation  (joint 
resolution  of  March  20,  1888,  25  Stat.  L.,  618),  is  notable 
for  the  clarity  with  which  it  defines  the  irrigation  problem.  It 
reads : 

Whereas  a  large  portion  of  the  unoccupied  public  lands  of 
the  United  States  is  located  within  what  is  known  as  the  arid 
region,  and  now  utilized  only  for  grazing  purposes,  but  much 
of  which,  by  means  of  irrigation,  may  be  rendered  as  fertile 
and  productive  as  any  land  in  the  world,  capable  of  supporting 
a  large  population,  thereby  adding  to  the  national  wealth  and 
prosperity ; 


io          THE  U.  S.  RECLAMATION  SERVICE 

Whereas  all  the  water  flowing  during  the  summer  months 
in  many  of  the  streams  of  the  Rocky  Mountains,  upon  which 
the  husbandman  of  the  plains  and  the  mountain  valleys  chiefly 
depends  for  moisture  for  his  crops,  has  been  appropriated  and 
is  used  for  the  irrigation  of  lands  contiguous  thereto,  whereby 
a  comparatively  small  area  has  been  reclaimed;  and 

Whereas  there  are  many  natural  depressions  near  the 
sources  and  along  the  courses  of  these  streams  which  may  be 
converted  into  reservoirs  for  the  storage  of  the  surplus  water 
which  during  the  winter  and  spring  seasons  flows  through  the 
streams ;  from  which  reservoirs  the  water  there  stored  can  be 
drawn  and  conducted  through  properly  constructed  canals,  at 
the  proper  season,  thus  bringing  large  areas  of  land  into  cul- 
tivation and  making  desirable  much  of  the  public  land  for 
which  there  is  now  no  demand :  Therefore,  be  it 

Resolved  by  the  Senate  and  House  of  Representatives  of 
the  United  States  of  America  in  Congress  assembled:  That 
the  Secretary  of  the  Interior,  by  means  of  the  Director  of  the 
Geological  Survey,  be,  and  he  is  hereby,  directed  to  make  an 
examination  of  that  portion  of  the  arid  regions  of  the  United 
States  where  agriculture  is  carried  on  by  means  of  irrigation, 
as  to  the  natural  advantages  for  the  storage  of  water  for  irri- 
gation purposes,  with  the  practicability  of  constructing  reser- 
voirs, together  with  the  capacity  of  the  streams  and  the  cost 
of  construction  and  capacity  of  reservoirs,  and  such  other 
facts  as  bear  on  the  question  of  storage  of  water  for  irrigat- 
ing purposes;  and  that  he  be  further  directed  to  report  to 
Congress  as  soon  as  practicable  the  result  of  such  investiga- 
tions. 

Q  The  sundry  civil  appropriation  act  of  the  same  year  (act 
of  October  2,  1888,  25  Stat.  L.,  526),  seemed  to  give  evidence 
of  an  intention  on  the  part  of  Congress  to  enter  upon  a  com- 
prehensive scheme  of  construction  for  irrigation  works  for, 
after  making  appropriation  for  the  surveys  of  the  arid  regions 
just  mentioned,  it  provided  that  "all  the  lands  which  may  here- 
after be  designated  or  selected  by  such  United  States  surveys 
for  sites,  for  reservoirs,  ditches,  or  canals  for  irrigation  pur- 
poses, and  all  the  lands  made  susceptible  of  irrigation  by  such 
reservoirs,  ditches,  or  canals,  are  from  this  time  henceforth 
hereby  reserved  from  sale  as  the  property  of  the  United  States, 


HISTORY  ii 

and  shall  not  be  subject  after  the  passage  of  this  act  to  entry, 
settlement,  or  occupation  until  further  provided  by  law." 

Under  this  sweeping  authority  the  Geological  Survey  desig- 
nated as  "lands  made  susceptible  of  irrigation"  virtually  all 
the  lands  in  the  arid  region,1  and  these  lands  were  accordingly 
withdrawn  from  entry.  A  widespread  protest  from  persons 
in  the  arid  region,  adversely  affected  by  this  action,  soon  made 
itself  heard  and  by  resolution  of  February  14,  1889,  the  United 
States  Senate  authorized  a  select  committee  of  seven,  to  be 
known  as  the  Select  Committee  on  Irrigation  and  Reclamation 
of  Arid  Lands,  to  consider  the  whole  subject.  During  the 
months  of  August  and  September,  1889,  the  committee  ^con- 
ducted meetings  at  a  number  of  points  in  the  territory  affected. 
The  majority  of  the  committee,  headed  by  the  chairman, 
Senator  Stewart,  severely  criticized  Director  Powell  for  hav- 
ing expended  so  large  a  portion  of  the  funds  appropriated 
for  irrigation  surveys  in  developing  general  topographic  maps 
of  the  arid  region,  and  for  his  general  policy  of  withholding 
from  settlement  all  lands  susceptible  of  irrigation  until  such 
time  as  their  disposition  should  be  decided  upon  by  Congress.2 

As  against  the  course  thus  pursued  by  Director  Powell 
under  the  act  of  1888,  Senator  Stewart  proposed  to  place 
all  unappropriated  waters  under  the  control  of  the  several 
states  and  territories  ;  the  minority  of  the  committee,  however, 
favored  the  division  of  the  arid  lands  into  irrigation  districts 
upon  the  basis  of  natural  drainage  basins,  entrusting  a  large 
measure  of  the  control  over  reclamation  development  to  the 
people  resident  within  each  basin. 

Although  neither  of  these  proposals  received  favorable 
consideration  by  Congress,  the  opposition  voiced  by  the  major- 


survey  upon  which  the  action  of  the  Geological  Survey  was 
based  is  frequently  referred  to  as  the  Powell  Irrigation  Survey.  The 
results  of  this  survey  were  published  in  the  annual  reports  of  the 
Geological  Survey  from  1890  to  1893  inclusive. 

2  The  report  of  the  committee  together  with  the  record  of  the 
hearings  held  by  it  was  printed  as  Senate  Report  No.  928,  5ist  Con- 
gress, ist  Session. 


12          THE  U.  S.  RECLAMATION  SERVICE 

ity  report  to  the  existing  policy  of  reservation  found  legisla- 
tive expression  in  an  act  (act  of  August  30,  1800,  26  Stat. 
L-,  39i),  by  which  the  whole  of  the  act  of  1888  providing  for 
the  reservation  of  "sites  for  reservoirs,  ditches  or  canals  for 
irrigation  purposes  and  all  the  lands  made  susceptible  of  irri- 
gation by  such  reservoirs,  ditches  or  canals"  was  revoked 
except  as  to  reservoir  sites,  the  segregation  and  reservation 
of  which  was  expressly  continued.  In  the  following  year,  a 
further  curtailment  of  the  policy  of  reservation  was  evidenced 
in  section  17  of  the  act  of  March  3,  1831.  (26  Stat.  L.,  1095), 
which  provided  that  reservoir  sites  "shall  be  restricted  to  and 
shall  contain  only  so  much  land  as  is  actually  necessary  for 
the  construction  and  maintenance  of  reservoirs  excluding  so 
far  as  practicable  lands  occupied  by  actual  settlers  at  the  date 
of  the  location  of  said  reservoirs."  By  the  same  act,  more- 
over, as  has  been  indicated  in  foregoing  sections,  the  applica- 
tion of  the  desert  land  law  was  extended,  and  rights  of  way 
over  the  public  lands  were  granted  to  irrigation  companies; 
and  in  1894  the  principle  of  state  control,  urged  by  the  ma- 
jority of  the  Senate  committee  in  1889,  was  recognized  in 
part,  as  already  indicated,  by  the  adoption  of  the  Carey  Act. 
The  apparent  reaction  in  this  act  from  the  policy  embodied 
in  the  acts  of  1888  and  1889  was  further  indicated  by  the 
failure  to  provide  any  funds  for  the  further  prosecution  of 
the  investigation  "of  the  extent  to  which  the  arid  region  of 
the  United  States  can  be  redeemed  by  irrigation."  In  spite  of 
the  lack  of  any  express  appropriation,  however,  the  duty  of 
selecting  reservoir  sites  for  segregation  still  remained  with  the 
Geological  Survey,  as  already  indicated,  so  that,  in  connec- 
tion with  its  regular  work  of  topographic  mapping,  the  Sur- 
vey continued  to  devote  much  attention  to  this  subject.  In 
addition,  in  1894,  a  specific  appropriation  of  $12,500  was  se- 
cured by  the  Survey  "for  gauging*  the  streams  and  determin- 
ing the  water  supply  of  the  United  States,  including  the  inves- 
tigations of  underground  currents  and  artesian  wells  in  arid 
and  semiarid  sections."  The  appropriation  for  this  purpose 


HISTORY  13 

steadily  increased,  amounting  in  the  fiscal  year  1903,  in  which 
the  Reclamation  Act  went  into  effect,  to  $200,000.  Since 
that  time  it  has  risen  as  high  as  $250,000.  The  data  secured 
by  the  surveys  and  investigations  made  under  these  appro- 
priations were,  and  continue  to  be,  of  primary  importance  to 
the  Reclamation  Service  in  all  the  exploratory  phases  of  its 
work. 

The  period  from  1894  to  1902,  the  year  in  which  the 
Reclamation  Act  was  adopted,  was  marked  by  a  continual  ex- 
tension  of  the  policy  of  encouraging  itate  ^and  Jndiyjdual 
reclamation  development  In  1895  the  right  of  way  over  the 
public  lands  was  extended,  as  already  indicated,  to  water 
works  intended  for  use  in  mining,  quarrying,  and  lumbering. 
In  January  of  1897,  the  occupation  of  reservoir  sites  was  made 
available  to  the  stock-raising  industry,  and  in  the  next  month 
even  reservoir  sites  hitherto  reserved  by  designation  of  the 
Geological  Survey, were  thrown  open  to  entry.  In  1898  the 
right  of  way  acts  of  1891  and  1895  were  still  further  extended, 
while  in  1901  the  general  right  of  way  act,  to  which  reference 
has  already  been  made,  was  enacted  and  the  policy  of  the 
Carey  Act  was  made  permanent. 

Though  the  progress  of  legislation  during  the  years  1891 
to  1901  thus  had  reference  solely  to  the  construction  of 
reclamation  works  by  states  and  by  private  enterprise,  the 
advocates  of  reclamation  by  the  national  government  had  by 
no  means  been  idle  during  this  period.  The  hearings  of  the 
Senate  committee  in  1889  and  the  legislative  and  public  dis- 
cussion which  followed  their  reports  had  served  to  increase 
and  strengthen  the  interest  in  the  national  aspects  of  the  sub- 
ject. In  1891,  there  had  been  held  a  so-called  National  Irri- 
gation Congress  at  Salt  Lake  City,  and  while  this  gathering 
had  resolved  in  favor  of  the  grant  to  the  states  and  terri- 
tories, in  trust,  of  irrigable  lands,  there  had  been  a  strong 
sentiment  in  the  congress  in  favor  of  a  thoroughly  national 
treatment.  At  a  second  Irrigation  Congress,  which  was  held 
at  Los  Angeles  two  years  later,  the  necessity  for  federal  con- 


14          THE  U.  S.  RECLAMATION  SERVICE 

trol  over  streams  flowing  through  more  than  one  state  was 
recognized,  and  in  the  following  year  at  the  third  National 
Irrigation  Congress,  held  at  Denver,  the  construction  and 
maintenance  of  irrigation  works  by  the  national  government 
were  expressly  advocated. 

At  this  time  public  interest  in  irrigation  was  further  greatly 
stimulated  by  several  important  public  documents  and  investi- 
gations. In  connection  with  the  work  of  the  Senate  com- 
mittee, already  referred  to,  a  large  amount  of  technical  data 
relative  to  water  supply  conditions  in  the  arid  regions  had 
been  collected,  and  this  material,  published  in  1893  under  the 
title  "Report  on  Irrigation.,  1893, "4  gained  a  considerable  cir- 
culation. About  the  same  time  were  published  the  results 
of  the  special  inquiry  relative  to  irrigation,  made  in  connec- 
tion with  the  eleventh  census  in  1890.  In  the  agricultural 
*  'venumeration  for  that  census,  the  enumerators  had  obtained, 
in  addition  to  the  usual  facts,  statements  as  to  the  area  ir- 
rigated. Circulars  of  inquiry  were  then  sent  to  all  irrigators 
whose  names  appeared  in  the  returns,  and  a  large  amount  of 
definite  information  was  thus  for  the  first  time  obtained  con- 
cerning the  cost  of  irrigation  and  the  conditions  existing  in 
the  irrigated  areas.  Still  another  document,  which  played  an 
important  part  in  the  education  of  public  opinion  on  the  sub- 
ject of  irrigation  and  the  relation  of  the  national  government 
thereto,  was  a  report  made  by  Captain  Hiram  M.  Chittenden, 
in  November,  i897.2  This  report  was  made  pursuant  to  a 
provision  of  the  rivers  and  harbors  appropriation  act  of  1896, 
calling  for  "the  examination  of  sites  and  report  upon  the 
practicability  and  desirability  of  constructing  reservoirs  and 
other  hydraulic  works  necessary  for  the  storage  and  utiliza- 
tion of  water  to  prevent  floods  and  overflows,  erosion  of  river 
banks  and  breaks  of  levees,  and  to  reinforce  the  flow  of  streams 
during  drought  and  low  water  seasons/'  Although  it  thus  had 

reference  primarily  to  flood  prevention  works,  the  report  de- 

/  . 

Printed  as  Senate  Document  41,  520!  Congress,  3d  Session. 
"Printed  as  House  Document   141,  55th  Congress,  2d  Session. 


HISTORY  15 

voted  considerable  attention  to  the  value  of  dams  and  reser- 
voirs in  the  arid  region  for  purposes  of  irrigation.  Further- 
more, Captain  Chittenden  recommended  that  the  government 
itself  should  build,  own,  and  operate  all  reservoirs  and  other 
necessary  works,  holding  the  stored  waters  absolutely  free 
for  public  use  under  local  regulations. 

In  1899  the  movement  for  national  construction  of  irriga- 
tion works  was  further  strengthened  by  the  formation  of  a 
permanent  association  to  take  the  place  of  the  more  loosely 
organized  annual  congresses  which  had  hitherto  been  held. 
The  membership  of  this  association  numbered  not  only  repre- 
sentatives of  the  arid  region  but  also  not  a  few  eastern  busi- 
ness men  and  representatives  of  national  labor  organizations. 
The  active  head  of  the  association  was  Mr.  George  H.  Max- 
well, of  San  Francisco,  and  under  his  leadership  the  organi- 
zation became  very  effective  in  disseminating  information 
concerning  irrigation  and  in  enlisting  support  for  the  measures 
which  it  favored. 

The  effect  of  this  widespread  discussion  of  the  reclamation 
problem  was  observable  in  1900  in  the  platforms  of  the  three 
leading  political  parties  in  the  presidential  campaign  of  that 
year,  the  Republican,  Democratic  and  Silver  Republican  plat- 
forms all  making  mention  of  the  subject.  Only  the  last 
named  made  definite  declaration  in  favor  of  national  construc- 
tion, declaring  it  to  be  "the  duty  of  the  general  government 
to  provide  for  the  construction  of  storage  reservoirs  and  irri- 
gation works."  The  Republican  platform  recommended  "ade- 
quate national  legislation  to  reclaim  the  arid  lands  of  the 
United  States,  reserving  control  of  the  distribution  of  water 
for  irrigation  to  the  respective  states  and  territories" ;  while 
the  Democratic  platform  merely  declared  in  favor  of  "an 
intelligent  system  of  improving  the  arid  lands  of  the  West." 

The  efforts  of  the  advocates  of  national  reclamation  works 
were  powerfu^  aided  by  the  growing  conviction  in  the  arid 
and  semiarid^Bgions  of  the  inability  of  state  orindividual 
enterprise  to  realize  the  full  possibilities  of  irrigW^  Even 


16          THE  U.  S.  RECLAMATION  SERVICE 

where  interstate  and  international  complications  did  not  in- 
terfere with  effective  action  by  the  states  or  individuals,  the 
expectations  entertained  by  those  who  had  advocated  the  legis- 
lation of  the  years  1890  to  1901,  which  has  been  traced,  had 
failed  of  complete  realization.  Comment  has  already  been 
made  on  the  relatively  meager  results  effected  by  the  states 
under  the  terms  of  the  Carey  Act.  On  the  other  hand,  the 
area  reclaimed  by  private  enterprise  during  the  same  period 
had  been  very  considerable ; 1  but  it  was  appreciated  that  less 
was  to  be  expected  from  private  enterprise  as  time  went  on, 
as  virtually  all  the  opportunities  for  easy  and  inexpensive  de- 
velopment had  been  taken  up.  Moreover,  although  vested 
rights  had  attached  to  a  great  part  of  the  water  and  irrigable 
lands,  yet  the  rate  of  actual  utilization  was  far  less  than  neces- 
sary for  the  proper  growth  of  the  arid  country. 

Experience  had  moreover  demonstrated  that  irrigation 
works  were  likely  to  be  profitable  only  when  those  constructing 
them  owned  also^the  lands  which  were  to  be  irrigated  by 
them,  and  that  further  private  reclamation  of  the  public  lands 
on  a  large  scale  could,  therefore,  be  effected  only  by  the 
alienation  to  the  developers  of  large  compact  areas  of  irri- 
gable lands.  The  virtual  impossibility  of  a  procedure  so 
totally  at  variance  with  the  whole  public  land  policy  of  the 
government  was,  however,  clearly  recognized;  so  that  the 
irrigation  problem  of  the  public  lands  seemed  incapable  of 
solution  by  private  enterprise. 

Passage  of  the  Reclamation  Act.  At  the  annual  meeting 
of  the  National  Irrigation  Association  at  Chicago,  November, 

aThe  area  reported  to  the  Census  as  producing  crops  under  irriga- 
tion more  than  doubled  in  the  ten  years  from  1889  to  1899,  the 
acreage  rising  from  3,631,381  to  7,518,527.  These  figures  are  un- 
doubtedly large  and  include  many  lands  which  are  watered  only  in 
part  or  very  imperfectly.  It  is  probable  that  by  following  a  more 
careful  definition  of  the  term  "irrigated"  the  acre^e  reported  would 
have  been  greatly  reduced  through  the  exclusion  ^Bneadows  watered 
by  more  or  less  natural  means  and  lands  which  received  water  only 
following  erratic  storms. 


HISTORY  17 

1900,  definite  proposals  for  the  national  construction  of  irriga- 
tion works  received  extended  consideration,  a  leading  part  of 
the  discussion  being  taken  by  Representative  Francis  G.  New- 
lands,  of  Nevada,  Mr.  George  H.  Maxwell,  chairman  of  the 
executive  committee,  and  Mr.  F.  H.  Newell,  then  connected 
with  the  Geological  Survey  and  later  chief  engineer  and 
director  of  the  Reclamation  Service.  Upon  the  opening  of 
Congress  in  the  following  month,  Mr.  Newlands  offered  a 
series  of  bills  embodying  the  proposals  favored  by  the  asso- 
ciation. The  essential  features  of  these  bills  were  as  fol- 
lows: 

I.  The  government  was  to  construct  the  necessary  works 
for  the  reclamation  of  the  public  land  and  of  adjacent  areas 
which  had  passed  into  private  hands. 

^2.  The  funds  expended  for  the  construction  of  such  works 
were  ultimately  to  be  recovered  by  the  government  in  the  form 
of  charges  paid  by  the  users  of  the  water  stored  by  such 
works. 

3.  The  reclaimed  lands  were  to  be  broken  up  into  small 
holdings.  The  lands  still  owned  by  the  government  were  to 
be  alienated  only  to  homesteaders ;  as  to  those  in  private  own- 
ership, a  limitation  of  the  area  under  a  single  ownership  to 
which  water  would  be  supplied  was  to  be  imposed,  and  the 
actual  residence  of  owners  on  or  near  their  lands  was  to  be 
required. , 

Although  Mr.  Newlands'  bills  attracted  wide  attention,  the 
session  of  1900-1901  closed  without  action -by  the  House. 
But  in  the  President's  message  of  December,  1901,  which 
opened  the  first  session  of  the  57th  Congress,  the  speedy 
enactment  of  comprehensive  irrigation  legislation  was  strongly 
urged.  Mr.  Roosevelt,  who  had  succeeded  to  the  Presidency 
in  September,  1901,  u£on  the  death  of  President  McKinley, 
had  resided  in  the  west  and  was  well  informed  on  the  condi- 
tions obtaining  in  the  arid  regions.  His  message  defines  very 
comprehensively  the  problem  and  policy  of  reclamation  by  the 
national  government.  After  calling  attention  to  the  need  for 


i8          THE  U.  S.  RECLAMATION  SERVICE 

federal  action  to  insure  the  conservation  of  the  country's 
forests,  he  declared: 

The  forest  alone  can  not,  however,  fully  regulate  and  con- 
serve the  waters  of  the  arid  region^  Great  storage  works 
are  necessary  to  equalise  thq  flow  of  streams  and  to_j>aye_the_ 
flood  jwatera.  Their  construction  has  been  conclusively  shown 
to  be  an  undertaking  too  vast  for  private  effort.  Nor  can  it 
be  best  accomplished  by  the  individual  states  acting  alone. 
Far-reaching  interstate  problems  are  involved,  and  the  re- 
sources of  single  states  would  often  be  inadequate.  It  is  prop- 
erly a  national  function,  at  least  in  some  of  its  features.  It 
is  as  right  for  the  National  Government  to  make  the  streams 
and  rivers  of  the  arid  region  useful  by  engineering  works  for 
water  storage  as  to  make  useful  the  rivers  and  harbors  of 
the  humid  region  by  engineering  works  of  another  kind.  The 
storing  of  the  floods  in  reservoirs  at  the  headwaters  of  our 
rivers  is  but  an  enlargement  of  our  present  policy  of  river  con- 
trol, under  which  levees  are  built  in  the  lower  reaches  of  the 
same  streams. 

The  Government  should  construct  and  maintain  these  reser- 
voirs as  it  does  other  public  works.  Where  their  purpose  is  to 
regulate  the  flow  of  streams  the  water  should  be  turned  freely 
into  the  channels  in  the  dry  season  to  take  the  same  course 
under  the  same  laws  as  the  natural  flow. 

The  reclamation  of  the  unsettled  arid  public  lands  presents 
a  different  problem.  Here  it  is  not  enough  to  regulate  the 
flow  of  streams.  The  object  of  the  Government  is  to  dispose 
of  the  land  to  settlers  who  will  build  homes  upon  it.  To 
accomplish  this  object  water  must  be  brought  within  their 
reach. 

The  pioneer  settlers  on  the  arid  public  domain  chose  their 
homes  along  streams  from  which  they  could  themselves  divert 
the"  water  to  reclaim  their  holdings.  Such  opportunities  are 
practically  gone.  There  remain,  however,  vast  areas  of  public 
land  which  can  be  made  available  for  homestead  settlement, 
but  only  by  reservoirs  and  main  line  canals  impracticable  for 
private  enterprise.  These  irrigation  works  should  be  built  by 
the  National  Government.  The  lands  reclaimed  by  them  should 
be  reserved  by  the  Government  for  actual  settlers,  and  the  cost 
of  construction  should,  so  far  as  possible,  be  repaid  by  the 
land  reclaimed.  The  distribution  of  the  water,  the  division 


HISTORY  19 

of  the  streams  among  irrigators,  should  be  left  to  the  settlers 
themselves,  in  conformity  with  state  laws  and  without  inter- 
ference with  those  laws  or  with  vested  rights.  The  policy 
of  the  National  Government  should  be  to  aid  irrigation  in  the 
several  states  and  territories  in  such  manner  as  will  enable  the 
people  in  the  local  communities  to  help  themselves  and  as  will 
stimulate  needed  reforms  in  the  state  laws  and  regulations 
governing  irrigation. 

The  reclamation  and  settlement  of  the  arid  lands  will  en- 
rich every  portion  of  our  country,  just  as  the  settlement  of  the 
Ohio  and  Mississippi  valleys  brought  prosperity  to  the  Atlantic 
States.  The  increased  demand  for  manufactured  articles  will 
stimulate  industrial  production,  while  wider  home  markets  and 
the  trade  of  Asia  will  consume  the  larger  food  supplies  and 
effectually  prevent  Western  competition  with  Eastern  agricul- 
ture. Indeed,  the  products  of  irrigation  will  be  consumed 
chiefly  in  upbuilding  local  centers  of  mining  and  other  in- 
dustries, which  would  otherwise  not  come  into  existence  at  all. 
Our  people  as  a  whole  will  profit,  for  successful  home-making 
is  but  another  name  for  the  upbuilding  of  the  nation. 

The  necessary  foundation  has  already  been  laid  for  the  in- 
auguration of  the  policy  just  described.  It  would  be  unwise 
to  begin  by  doing  too  much,  for  a  great,  deal  will  doubtless  be 
learned,  both  as  to  what  can  and  what  can  not  be  safely  at- 
tempted, by  the  early  efforts,  which  must  of  necessity  be  partly 
experimental  in  character.  At  the  very  beginning  the  Gov- 
ernment should  make  clear,  beyond  shadow  of  doubt,  its 
intention  to  pursue  this  policy  on  lines  of  the  broadest  public 
interest.  No  reservoir  or  canal  should  ever  be  built  to  satisfy 
selfish  personal  or  local  interests,  but  only  in  accordance  with 
the  advice  of  trained  experts,  after  long  investigation  has 
shown  the  locality  where  all  the  conditions  combine  to  make 
the  work  most  needed  and  fraught  with  the  greatest  useful- 
ness to  the  community  as  a  whole.  There  should  be  no  ex- 
travagance, and  the  believers  in  the  need  of  irrigation  will  most 
benefit  their  cause  by  seeing  to  it  that  it  is  free  from  the  least 
taint  of  excessive  or  reckless  expenditure  of  the  public  moneys. 

Whatever  the  nation  does  for  the  extension  of  irrigation 
should  harmonize  with  and  tend  to  improve  the  condition  of 
those  now  living  on  irrigated  land.  We  are  not  at  the  starting 
point  of  this  development.  Over  two  hundred  millions  of 
private  capital  has  already  been  expended  in  the  construction 


20          THE  U.  S.  RECLAMATION  SERVICE 

of  irrigation  works  and  many  millions  of  acres  of  arid  land 
reclaimed.  A  high  degree  of  enterprise  and  ability  has  been 
shown  in  the  work  itself,  but  as  much  can  not  be  said  in 
reference  to  the  laws  relating  thereto.  The  security  and  value 
of  the  homes  created  depend  largely  on  the  stability  of  titles^ 
to  water,  but  the  majority  of  these  rest  on  the  uncertain  foun- 
dation of  court  decisions  rendered  in  ordinary  suits  at  law. 
With  a  few  creditable  exceptions,  the  arid  states  have  failed 
to  provide  for  the  certain  and  just  division  of  streams  in  times 
of  scarcity.  Lax  and  uncertain  laws  have  made  it  possible 
to  establish  rights  to  water  in  excess  of  actual  uses  or  neces- 
sities, and  many  streams  have  already  passed  into  private  own- 
ership, or  a  control  equivalent  to  ownership. 

Whoever  controls  a  stream  practically  controls  the  land  it 
renders  productive,  and  the  doctrine  of  private  ownership  of 
water  apart  from  land  can  not  prevail  without  causing  en- 
during wrong.  The  recognition  of  such  ownership  which  has 
been  permitted  to  grow  up  in  the  arid  regions,  should  give 
way  to  a  more  enlightened  and  larger  recognition  of  the  rights 
of  the  public  in  the  control  and  disposal  of  the  public  water 
supplies.  Laws  founded  upon  conditions  obtaining  in  humid 
regions,  where  water  is  too  abundant  to  justify  hoarding  it, 
have  no  proper  application  in  a  dry  country. 
•  In  the  arid  states  the  only  right  to  water  which  should  be 
recognized  is  that  of  use.  In  irrigation  this  right  should  attach 
to  the  land  reclaimed  and  be  inseparable  therefrom.  Granting 
perpetual  water  rights  to  others  than  users,  without  compen- 
sation to  the  public,  is  open  to  all  the  objections  which  apply 
to  giving  away  perpetual  franchises  to  the  public  utilities  of 
cities.  A  few  of  the  Western  states  have  already  recognized 
this  and  have  incorporated  in  their  constitutions  the  doctrine 


of  per 
TEe 


rpetual  state  ownership  of  water. 
icrThave  f( 


"benefits  whicKnave  followed  the  unaided  development 
in  the  past  justify  the  nation's  aid  and  cooperation  in  the  more 
difficult  and  important  work  yet  to  be  accomplished.  Laws 
so  vitally  affecting  homes  as  those  which  control  the  water 
supply  will  only  be  effective  when  they  have  the  sanction  of 
the  irrigators;  reforms  can  only  be  final  and  satisfactory  when 
they  come  through  the  enlightenment  of  the  people  most  con- 
cerned. The  larger  development  which  national  aid  insures 
should,  however,  awaken  in  every  arid  state  the  determination 
to  make  its  irrigation  system  equal  in  justice  and  effectiveness 


HISTORY  21 

that  of  any  country  in  the  civilized  world.  Nothing  could 
be  more  unwise  than  for  isolate^mnmunities  to  continue  to 
learn  everything  experimentaIIy,"Tnstead~of~profiting  by  what 
is  known  elsewhere.  We  are  dealing  with  a  new  and  mo- 
mentous question,  in  the  pregnant  years  while  institutions  are 
forming,  and  what  we  do  will  affect  not  only  the  present  but 
future  generations. 

Our  aim  should  be  not  simply  to  reclaim  the  largest  area  of 
land  and  provide  homes  for  the  largest  number  of  people,  but 
to  create  for  this  new  industry  the  best  possible  social  and 
industrial  conditions ;  and  this  requires  that  we  not  only  under- 
stand the  existing  situation,  but  avail  ourselves  of  the  best  ex- 
perience of  the  time  in  the  solution  of  its  problems.  A  careful 
study  should  be  made,  both  by  the  nation  and  the  states,  of  the 
irrigation  laws  and  conditions  here  and  abroad.  Ultimately 
it  will  probably  be  necessary  for  the  nation  to  cooperate  with 
the  several  arid  states  in  proportion  as  these  states  by  their 
legislation  and  administration  show  themselves  fit  to  receive  it. 

Under  the  stimulus  of  the  vigorous  message  of  President 
Roosevelt  and  of  his  personal  interest,  the  principal  one  of  the 
series  of  reclamation  bills,  which  had  been  reintroduced  by 
Mr.  Newlands  at  the  opening  of  the  session,  was  passed  by 
both  houses  of  Congress  and  became  law  on  June  17,  1902. 

By  the  terms  of  the  act,1  the  Secretary  of  the  Interior 
was  authorized  to  locate  and  construct  irrigation  works,  in- 
cluding artesian  wells  in  sixteen  states  and  territories,  embrac- 
ing all  of  the  United  States  west  of  the  first  tier  of  states  west 
of  the  Mississippi,  except  Texas.  The  funds  for  the  construc- 
tion of  these  works  were  to  be  obtained  from  the  sales  of 
the  public  lands  in  those  states  and  territories,  the  Secretary 
being  directed  "so  far  as  may  be  practicable  and  subject  to 
the  existence  of  feasible  irrigation  projects  to  expend  the 
major  portion  of  the  funds  arising  from  the  sale  of  public 
lands  within  each  state  and  territory  .  .  .  within  the  limits 
of  such  state  or  territory."  Prior  to  the  beginning  of  the 
surveys  for  any  contemplated  irrigation  works,  the  Secretary 
was  authorized  to  withdraw  from  entry  "any  public  lands 

1  The  text  to  the  act  is  printed  in  Appendix  5,  p.  103. 


22          THE  U.  S.  RECLAMATION  SERVICE 

believed  to  be  susceptible  of  irrigation  from  said  works"  and 
thereafter  such  lands  were  to  be  subject  to  entry  only  under 
the  provisions  of  the  homestead  laws,  in  tracts  of  not  more 
than  160  acres;  but  the  Secretary  of  the  Interior  was  further 
authorized  to  limit  the  area  of  entries  to  such  acreage  as  in 
his  opinion  might  be  "reasonably  required  for  the  support 
of  a  family  upon  the  lands  in  question."  The  Secretary  was 
further  authorized  to  impose  upon  all  lands,  including  those 
already  in  private  ownership,  which  might  be  irrigated  by  the 
waters  of  the  project,  a  proportionate  part  of  the  cost  of 
the  construction  of  such  project,  and  to  fix  the  number  of  an- 
nual installments,  not  exceeding  ten,  in  which  such  charges 
should  be  paid  and  the  time  the  payments  should  commence. 
All  these  items  the  Secretary  was  further  required  to  announce 
publicly  upon  his  determination  that  any  irrigation  project 
was  practicable.  The  Secretary  was  further  authorized  to 
operate  and  maintain  all  reservoirs  and  irrigation  works  con- 
structed until  repayments  had  been  made  "for  the  major  por- 
tion of  the  lands  irrigated  from  the  waters"  of  such  works, 
whereupon  the  management  and  operation  of  the  works,  but 
not  the  reservoirs,  was  to  pass  to  the  owners  of  the  irrigated 
lands,  to  be  maintained  at  their  expense  under  the  supervision 
of  the  Secretary.  Entrymen  upon  lands  to  be  irrigated  were 
required  to  reclaim  at  least  one-half  of  the  total  irrigable 
area  of  their  entries  for  agricultural  purposes.  With  refer- 
ence to  land  in  private  ownership,  it  was  provided  that  no 
right  to  the  use  of  water  for  such  land  was  to  be  sold  for 
a  tract  exceeding  160  acres  to  any  one  land  owner,  nor  unless 
such  land  owner  was  an  actual  bona-fide  resident  or  occupant 
of  such  land. 

Novel  as  were  the  substantive  policy  and  the  method  of 
financing  provided  by  the  act,  the  wide  discretion  vested  in  the 
Secretary  of  the  Interior  in  the  determination  of  the  methods 
to  be  used  in  carrying  out  the  intent  of  the  act  was  equally 
novel.  Not  only  was  he  entrusted  with  complete  and  sole 
responsibility  for  locating  and  passing  upon  the  practicability 


HISTORY  23 

of  projects,  but  with  reference  to  the  actual  construction  it 
was  provided  merely  that  "eight  hours  shall  constitute  a  day's 
work"  and  that  "no  Mongolian  labor  shall  be  employed," 
all  matters  of  organization  and  procedure  being  left  entirely 
to  the  Secretary.  He  was,  moreover,  authorized  to  acquire, 
by  purchase  or  by  condemnation,  "any  rights  or  property" 
necessary  for  carrying  out  the  act. 

Origin  and   Development   of  the   Reclamation   Service. 

Within  a  few  weeks  after  the  passage  of  the  Reclamation 
Act,  the  Secretary  of  the  InterioV,  Ethan  Allen  Hitchcock, 
upon  the  recommendation  of  the  Director  of  the  Geological 
Survey,  Charles  D.  Walcott,  ordered  the  creation  of  an  or- 
ganization to  be  known  as  the  Reclamation  Service,  to  be  un- 
der the  jurisdiction  of  the  Director  of  the  Geological  Survey 
but  not  to  be  a  part  of  the  Survey. 

In  the  preceding  section  account  was  given  of  the  appropria- 
tion by  Congress,  in  1888  and  1889,  of  $350,000  for  surveys 
of  the  arid  regions  by  the  Geological  Survey,  and  the  ap- 
propriations to  that  service,  beginning  in  1894  and  increas- 
ing yearly,  for  gauging  streams  and  determining  the  water 
supply  of  the  United  States.  In  the  expenditure  of  the  funds 
thus  appropriated  there  had  been  created  in  the  Geological 
Survey  a  Division  of  Hydrography.  The  staff  of  this 
division,  composed  of  men  familiar  from  long  experience  with 
the  conditions  of  the  arid  regions,  was  now  used  as  the  nucleus 
for  the  new  Reclamation  Service.  The  chief  of  the  division, 
Frederick  Haynes  Newell,  whose  activities  in  connection  with 
the  enactment  of  the  Reclamation  Act  have  already  been  re- 
ferred to,  was  appointed  head  of  the  Service,  with  the  title 
of  Chief  Engineer,  and  his  assistants  also  were  largely  drawn 
from  the  hydrographic  division. 

For  about  five  years  after  its  establishment,  the  Reclama- 
:ion  Service  remained  under  the  direction  of  the  Director 
}f  the  Geological  Survey.  On  March  9,  1907,  it  became  an 
^dependent  service,  subject  to  control  only  by  the  Secretary 


24          THE  U.  S.  RECLAMATION  SERVICE 

of  the  Interior.  The  action  by  the  Secretary  effecting  this 
change  was  based  upon  recommendations  made  by  the  Director 
of  the  Geological  Survey,  who  gave  it  as  his  view  that  "the 
principal  need  at  the  present  time  is  that  of  establishing  a 
somewhat  more  direct  personal  contact  between  the  Director 
of  the  Reclamation  Service  and  the  Secretary  of  the  Interior 
and  the  cutting  out  of  intermediate  steps  which  are  believed, 
through  the  experience  of  several  years,  to  be  unnecessary  and 
to  serve  rather  to  delay  than  to  expedite  public  business." 

F.  H.  Newell,  Chief  Engineer  of  the  Service,  was  appointed 
Director  of  the  new  independent  service.  Mr.  Newell' s  place 
as  Chief  Engineer  was  rilled  by  the  promotion  of  Arthur 
Powell  Davis,  Assistant  Chief  Engineer. 

On  December  13,  1913,  by  an  order  of  the  Secretary  of 
the  Interior,  the  Director  of  the  Service  was  relieved  of  re- 
sponsibility for  the  general  administrative  oversight  of  the 
Service  and  for  making  recommendations  upon  questions  of 
policy  to  the  Secretary,  these  functions  being  vested  in  a 
body  to  be  known  as  the  Reclamation  Commission.  This 
body  was  ordered  to  be  composed  of  the  Director  of  the 
Service  (as  chairman),  the  Chief  Engineer,  the  Chief  Coun- 
sel, the  Comptroller,  and  the  Supervisor  of  Irrigation.  With- 
in the  division  of  the  administration  entrusted  to  him,  each 
member  of  the  Commission  was  responsible  only  to  the  Secre- 
tary of  the  Interior.  In  December,  1914,  the  Chief  of  Con- 
struction was  made  a  member  of  the  Commission. 

After  about  a  year  and  a  half  of  operation  under  this 
system  the  Secretary  of  the  Interior,  on  May  6,  1915,  re- 
duced the  membership  of  the  Commission  to  three,  the  posi- 
tions of  Director  and  Chief  Engineer  being  consolidated  and 
Xthe  Supervisor  of  Irrigation  and  the  Chief  of  Construction 
being  dropped  from  the  Commission. 

The  volume  of  work  carried  on  by  the  Service  during  its 
fifteen  years  of  existence  has  varied  widely.  Most  of  the 
first  year  was  spent  in  organization  and  planning  work.  On 
March  14,  1903,  however,  less  than  one  year  after  the  passage 


HISTORY  25 

of  the  act,  six  major  projects  were  approved,  and  a  few  months 
later,  on  August  28,  1903,  construction  was  begun  on  the  first 
of  these,  the  Truckee-Carson  Project  in  Nevada.  In  1904, 
five  additional  projects  were  authorized;  in  1905,  nine;  in 
1906,  four,  and  in  1907,  one.  Since  that  time  but  one  major 


PRINCIPAL  IRRIGATION  PROJECTS  IN  WESTERN  PART  OF  UNITED 

STATES 

project  has  been  authorized,  and  three  minor  projects  located 
on  Indian  reservations  have  been  undertaken.  In  addition, 
no  less  than  fifty-three  additional  reclamation  schemes  have 
been  examined  and  preliminary  surveys  made.  These  are 
known  as  "secondary  projects,"  and  will  form  the  basis  for 
any  future  construction  work  which  may  be  undertaken  by  the 
Service. 


26          THE  U.  S.  RECLAMATION  SERVICE 

To  date  the  Service  has  initiated  and  brought  to  various 
stages  of  completion,  twenty-six  separate  projects.  Of  these 
fifteen  have  been  practically  completed  in  all  their  units,  ten 
have  been  partially  completed,  and  one  is  still  in  the  first  stage 
of  construction.  The  work  to  date  has  involved  the  con- 
struction of  one  hundred  large  storage  and  diversion  dams, 
about  eleven  thousand  miles  of  canals  and  distributaries,  and 
some  thousands  of  minor  and  auxiliary  structures. 

The  cost  of  the  work  thus  far  completed  is  nearly  $125,- 
000,000.  The  total  area  irrigable  by  these  works  is  about 
3,000,000  acres.  To  date  slightly  less  than  half  of  this  acre- 
age has  been  provided  with  water,  while  less  than  a  third  is 
under  cultivation.  The  value  of  the  crops  produced  on  these 
lands  in  1917  is  estimated  at  $52,000,000. 

r-'v*. 

Development  of  Reclamation  Policy,  1902  to  Date.  The 
basic  policy  enacted  by  the  Reclamation  Act  of  1902  has  per- 
sisted without  change  up  to  the  present  time.  In  several  re- 
spects, however,  the  provisions  of  the  original  act  have  been 
modified.  In  what  follows  only  the  most  important  of  these 
changes  are  noted. 

Very  early  in  the  application  of  the  act,  it  became  evident 
that  a  more  comprehensive  policy  must  be  adopted  than  had 
been  formulated  in  the  act,  relative  to  the  inclusion  of  privately 
owned  lands  in  reclamation  projects.  In  the  framing  of  the 
act,  provision  had  been  made  for  the  imposition  of  a  propor- 
tionate part  of  the  cost  of  the  construction  of  projects  upon 
the  private  lands  which  might  seek  the  use  of  the  water  fur- 
nished by  such  projects.  It  had  not,  however,  been  thought 
necessary  to  provide  for  any  form  of  security  for  the  pay- 
ment of  such  charges,  as  was  provided  in  the  case  of  the 
public  lands  in  the  project,  for  it  was  assumed  that  the  private 
lands  in  a  project  would  in  no  case  bear  any  large  proportion 
to  the  public  lands.  It  was  pointed  out  that  there  were  up- 
wards of  400,000,000  acres  of  arid  land  belonging  to  the 


HISTORY  27 

United  States  and  that  there  was  a  water  supply  adequate  for 
40,000,000  acres. 

In  point  of  fact,  however,  individuals  and  corporations  had 
been  very  active  in  the  selection  of  and  acquisition  of  title  to 
tracts  located  along  or  adjacent  to  the  streams,  so  that  there 
were  few  large  compact  bodies  of  irrigable  land  which  were 
not  cut  into  by  private  ownership  or  within  which  entrymen 
had  not  already  taken  up  the  choice  spots.  When,  therefore, 
the  task  devolved  upon  the  engineers  of  the  Reclamation 
Service  of  selecting  the  areas  to  be  irrigated,  they  were  able 
to  find  few  locations  in  which  it  was  possible  economically  to 
irrigate  large  bodies  of  public  land  without  at  the  same  time 
irrigating  considerable  tracts  in  private  ownership. 

Thus,  on  the  Truckee-Carson  Project  in  Nevada,  where  the 
first  construction  was  undertaken,  the  lands  chosen  for  reclam- 
ation were  in  the  desert  beyond  the  bounds  of  the  Central 
Pacific  Railroad  land  grant  and  so  remote  and  apparently 
worthless  that  individuals  had  not  entered  upon  them  to  any 
great  extent.  Yet  even  here,  the  best  lands  were  privately 
owned. 

Moreover,  in  some  of  the  cases  where  the  limitation  of  the 
benefits  of  the  project  to  public  lands  was  practicable,  it  would 
have  necessitated  the  absorption  into  the  project  of  water 
courses  which  were  already  in  either  actual  or  prospective 
use  by  settlers  in  the  vicinity.  Thus,  in  the  Salt  River  Valley 
of  Arizona  there  were  great  tracts  of  vacant  public  lands 
which  might  be  reclaimed,  but  their  reclamation  would  directly 
or  indirectly  have  forced  a  large  part  of  the  resident  popula- 
tion to  abandon  their  partly  cultivated  lands.  Because  of  this 
condition,  Secretary  of  the  Interior  Hitchcock,  acting  under 
instructions  from  President  Roosevelt,  finally  concluded  to 
permit  the  stored  water  to  be  devoted  to  the  privately  ownedyL  v 
lands  instead  of  using  it  for  irrigating  adjacent  tracts  of  pub- 
lic land. 

So  large  was  the  proportion  of  the  irrigable  area  in  private 
ownership  found  to  be,  that  it  was  considered  indispensable 


\ 


28          THE  U.  S.  RECLAMATION  SERVICE 

that  proper  security  be  obtained  for  the  payment  of  construc- 
tion charges  by  such  settlers  as  should  desire  the  inclusion  of 
their  lands  in  the  project.  Under  the  conditions  such  security 
would  naturally  take  the  form  of  a  mortgage  on  the  lands. 
On  even  the  smaller  projects,  however,  the  number  of  settlers 
already  holding  lands  which  could  profitably  be  drawn  into 
the  project  might  number  several  hundreds;  in  the  larger 
projects,  as  in  the  case  of  the  Salt  River  Valley  in  Arizona, 
several  thousands  were  involved,  many  of  them  non-resident. 

The  difficulty,  if  not  the  impracticability  or  even  impos- 
sibility of  dealing  with  each  of  these  widely  scattered  owners 
was  obvious ;  and  the  Reclamation  Service  therefore  developed, 
in  cooperation  with  citizens'  organizations  in  the  arid  regions, 
an  expedient  which  finds  no  express  warrant  in  the  law — the 
organization  of  the  landholders  within  the  boundaries  of  a 
project  into  a  so-called  water  users'  association,  which  should 
give  to  the  government  a  collective  mortgage  on  the  private 
lands  to  be  benefited  by  the  project  as  security  for  the  pay- 
ment of  the  construction  charges  assessed  against  those  lands. 

The  development  of  the  principle  of  water  users'  associa- 
tions has  made  possible  the  application  of  the  Reclamation 
Act  to  large  areas  which  must  otherwise  have  been  denied 
its  benefits.  Of  the  twenty-six  projects  initiated  to  date  by 
the  Service,  no  less  than  twenty-three  have  required  the  for- 
mation of  a  water  users'  association. 

In  1905  the  scope  of  the  Reclamation  Act  was  extended 
to  a  portion  of  the  state  of  Texas  to  permit  the  construction 
of  a  project  in  New  Mexico  on  the  Rio  Grande.  In  the  fol- 
lowing year,  the  provisions  of  the  act  were  extended  to  the 
whole  of  the  state  of  Texas.  In  1908,  following  the  pas- 
sage of  a  number  of  special  acts  for  the  reclamation  of  the 
lands  allotted  to  various  Indian  tribes,  a^general  act  was 
passed  authorizing  the  Secretary  of  the  Interior  to  enter  into 
any  arrangement  or  agreement  with  Indian  tribes  for  the 
reclamation  of  lands  allotted  to  them  under  the  general  allot- 
ment act. 


HISTORY  29 

At  the  time  of  the  passage  of  the  Reclamation  Act  it  was 
assumed  that  if  the  government  built  the  reservoirs  and  the 
main  line  canals,  the  land  owners,  following  the  precedents 
of  the  pioneer,  would  build  the  remaining  minor  works.  This 
was  found  to  be  impracticable  unless  the  government  super- 
vised operations  and  furnished  the  necessary  supplies  and  a 
part  at  least  of  the  machinery  and  capital.  To  meet  this 
situation,  a  novel  fiscal  expedient  was  devised.  Agreements 
were  entered  into  with  the  water  users'  associations  on  the 
several  projects  for  the  performance  by  their  members  of 
portions  of  the  construction  work,  the  association  receiving 
in  return  the  right  to  issue  to  its  members  so-called  "coopera- 
tive certificates,"  to  the  amount  of  the  work  done.  The  man- 
ner in  which  these  certificates  were  made  available  for  the 
payment  of  land  and  construction  charges  may  be  seen  from 
the  following  official  explanation : 

Section  4  of  the  reclamation  act  states  that  the  charges  made 
against  any  farm  unit  shall  be  estimated  with  a  view  of  re- 
turning to  the  reclamation  fund  the  estimated  cost  of  con- 
struction of  the  works  and  shall  be  apportioned  equitably. 
This  equitable  apportionment  can  be  secured  if  the  holder  of 
the  farm  unit  presents  to  the  Secretary  certain jights^  of  prop- 
erty, which  is  a  desirable  part  of  the  system.  By  accepting 
this  right  of  interest  the  Secretary  is  enabled  to  reduce  equit- 
ably the  charges  against  a  particular  parcel  of  land. 

This  exchange  of  values  or  equitable  apportionment  is  en- 
tirely independent  of  the  collection  of  cash  charges.  These 
by  law  are  placed  in  the  hands  of  the  Land  Office.  The  trans- 
action as  regards  equitable  exchange  must  be  completed  in  such 
a  way  that  the  Land  Office  is  called  upon  to  take  cognizance 
only  of  the  cash  payment,  and  not  of  the  details  of  the  re- 
duction of  charge  due  to  this  equitable  apportionment. 

All  matters  of  acquiring  rights  or  property  as  part  of  the 
construction  of  the  complete  irrigation  system  are  made  by  the 
officers  of  the  Reclamation  Service,  and  are  completed  in  such 
a  manner  or  at  such  times  as  will  enable  the  Land  Office  to 
consider  the  cash  payments  as  a  separate  transaction.1 

Reclamation  Service:  Cooperative  Certificates,  Issue  and  Use 
by  Associations  of  Settlers  and  Water  Users  (1908),  p.  6. 


30          THE  U.  S.  RECLAMATION  SERVICE 

It  should  be  noted  that  the  cooperative  certificates  were  not 
currency  nor  were  they  evidence  of  liability  on  the  part  of 
the  government.  By  their  use  there  was  made  possible  a 
quick  "turn  over"  or  exchange  of  values  without  the  necessity 
of  cash  payments  from  the  Treasury,  followed  by  the  collec- 
tion of  an  equivalent  amount  from  the  settlers. 

The  plan  for  the  issue  of  cooperative  certificates  was  ap- 
proved by  the  Secretary  of  the  Interior,  James  R.  Garfield, 
on  February  21,  1908,  and  was  put  into  effect  directly  there- 
after. They  were  quite  widely  and  successfully  used  until 
1910,  when  their  issue  was  stopped  in  accordance  with  a 
decision  of  the  Attorney  General  that  the  procedure  was  with- 
out explicit  warrant  of  law. 

In  place  of  these  cooperative  certificates  or  equivalent  book- 
keeping methods  of  transfer  of  credit,  it  was  considered  ad- 
visable by  Congress  to  make  available  a  larger  amount  of 
money  than  was  in  sight  in  the  Reclamation  Service  fund. 
The  original  act  limited  the  funds  to  the  proceeds  from  the 
disposal  of  public  lands  and  there  was  some  impatience  with 
the  rate  of  progress  imposed  by  such  limitation.  Accord- 
ingly, by  act  of  June  25,  1910,  the  Secretary  of  the  Treasury 
was  authorized  to  transfer  to  the  credit  of  the  reclamation 
fund  such  sums  not  exceeding  $20,000,000  as  were  deemed 
necessary  to  complete  the  projects  or  to  protect  the  water 
rights,  with  the  proviso  that  all  sums  so  transferred  should  be 
reimbursed  to  the  Treasury  from  the  reclamation  fund,  be- 
ginning five  years  after  date  of  the  first  transfer  and  at  the  rate 
of  50  per  cent,  of  the  annual  receipts  to  the  reclamation  fund. 
As  a  matter  of  fact,  it  was  found  that  there  was  not  as  great 
a  necessity  for  utilizing  this  money  as  had  been  anticipated 
by  its  advocates  because,  under  existing  conditions  of  settle- 
ment and  of  labor,  it  was  not  practicable  to  push  construction 
at  a  rate  greatly  exceeding  the  regular  income  of  the  reclama- 
tion fund.  A  certain  length  of  time  was  necessary  for  the 
utilization  of  the  works  already  built.  Hence,  it  was  not 


HISTORY  31 

until  over  four  years  later  that  the  first  advances  were  made 
on  account  of  the  $20,000,000. 

In  1906  the  sale  of  surplus  power  developed  on  any  project 
had  been  authorized  and  in  1911  this  policy  was  extended  to 
permit  the  sale  of  surplus  water  to  private  or  state  reclamation 
works.  Restrictions  were,  however,  imposed  to  assure  the 
beneficial  use  of  such  water  by  the  projects  buying  it. 

Important  changes  in  the  fiscal  policy  relative  to  reclamation 
works  were  effected  by  the  so-called  Reclamation  Extension 
Act  of  August,  1914.  To  meet  the  difficulty  experienced  by 
many  of  the  settlers  on  the  projects  in  meeting  the  require- 
ment of  the  law,  that  construction  charges  be  repaid  within 
ten  years,  the  act  granted  twenty  years  for  the  payment  of  all 
charges  still  unpaid,  and  provided  that  on  all  entries  there- 
after made  twenty  years  should  be  allowed  for  repayment,  no 
charges  whatever,  other  than  the  initial  charge,  being  required 
during  the  first  five  years. 

By  the  same  act,  definite  authority  was  conferred  upon  the 
Secretary  of  the  Interior  to  impose  charges  for  operation  and 
maintenance — an  authority  long  exercised  without  express 
legislative  warrant. 

On  the  other  hand,  the  Reclamation  Extension  Act  of 
1914  imposed  a  serious  limitation  on  the  power  which  had 
theretofore  been  vested  in  the  Secretary  of  the  Interior  in 
the  selection  of  new  projects  or  units  for  construction.  By 
the  original  Reclamation  Act,  as  has  been  stated,  the  power 
of  selection  had  been  vested  solely  in  the  Secretary,  subject 
only  to  the  fiscal  limitations  of  the  reclamation  fund.  By  the 
act  of  June  25,  1910,  which,  as  already  seen,  provided  for 
advances  to  the  reclamation  fund  for  the  completion  of  pro- 
jects already  begun,  it  had  been  further  provided  that  new 
projects  should  be  begun  only  on  the  direct  order  of  the  Presi- 
dent. By  the  Reclamation  Extension  Act  of  1914,  it  was 
now  provided  that  the  Secretary  of  the  Interior  should  submit 
to  Congress,  in  his  estimates  for  the  next  fiscal  year,  detailed 
estimates  of  the  cost  of  the  extension  and  completion  of  exist- 


32          THE  U.  S.  RECLAMATION  SERVICE 

ing  projects  and  units  thereof,  and  of  the  construction  of  new 
projects;  and  it  was  expressly  provided  that  after  July  i, 
1915,  no  expenditure  should  be  made  out  of  the  reclamation 
fund  except  in  pursuance  of  appropriations  made  by  Con- 
gress. In  the  sundry  civil  appropriation  act  of  March  3, 
I9I5  (38  Star..,  859),  this  policy  was  accordingly  put  into 
effect,  definite  appropriations  being  made  for  each  of  the 
projects  then  being  carried  forward  by  the  Service.  The 
same  method  has  been  followed  for  the  fiscal  years  1917  and 
1918.  In  none  of  these  three  acts  has  appropriation  been 
made  for  any  new  project,  unless  the  proposed  Lawton,  Okla- 
homa, work  be  thus  considered. 

In  one  other  important  respect  the  act  of  1914  tended 
toward  the  limitation  of  the  operations  of  the  Service.  The 
Reclamation  Act  had  provided  that  when  the  construction 
charges  applicable  to  the  major  portion  of  the  lands  on  a 
project  had  been  repaid  to  the  reclamation  fund,  the  Secre- 
tary of  the  Interior  might  turn  the  management  of  the  irriga- 
tion works  over  to  the  owners  of  the  lands  irrigated,  but  that 
the  management  and  operation  of  the  reservoirs  and  the  works 
necessary  for  their  protection  should  remain  in  the  govern- 
ment. By  the  Reclamation  Extension  Act,  however,  the 
Secretary  was  authorized  to  turn  over  to  local  control  "the 
care,  operation  and  maintenance  of  all  or  any  part  of  the 
project  works."  ,  \. 


CHAPTER  II       ^  f£ 
ACTIVITIES 

The  manifold  operations  of  the  Reclamation  Service  may 
not  properly  be  regarded  as  distinct  and  separate  lines  of 
activity.  They  are  merely  parts  of  a  single  activity — the 
reclamation  of  arid  lands  in  the  west  by  means  of  irrigation 
works.  In  what  follows,  therefore,  the  characteristics  of  the 
several  types  of  reclamation  projects — the  physical  conditions 
encountered  and  the  nature  of  the  works  required  to  over- 
come them — are  first  outlined  under  the  head  "Characteristics 
of  Projects."  Account  is  then  given  of  the  specific  activities 
involved  in  the  initiation,  construction,  and  management  of 
the  projects. 

Characteristics  of  Projects.  The  primary  works  embraced 
in  an  irrigation  project  may  be  regarded  as  being  made  up 
of  two  parts — those  works,  such  as  dams,  canals  and  tunnels, 
required  to  bring  the  water  to  a  suitable  point  on  the  area 
to  be  irrigated;  and  those,  consisting  chiefly  of  ditches,  re- 
quired to  carry  it  from  that  point  to  the  several  farms  and 
tracts  in  the  area.  Beyond  this  there  lie,  of  course,  the  small 
channels  on  each  farm,  which  distribute  the  water  over  its 
surface  for  its  final  absorption  by  the  soil.  These  last  works 
are,  however,  not  properly  regarded  as  part  of  the  project 
proper,  being  the  concern  chiefly  of  the  individual  whose  land 
they  supply  and  are  not  in  practice  constructed  by  the  Service. 
The  works  required  for  bringing  the  water  to  the  irrigable 
area  constitute,  it  is  needless  to  state,  far  the  major  problem 
of  the  Service.  The  primary  physical  factor  determining  the 
nature  of  such  works  is  the  adequacy  of  the  available  natural 
water  supply  for  the  requirements  of  the  area.  If  the  sup- 

33 


34          THE  U.  S.  RECLAMATION  SERVICE 

plies  naturally  present  in  the  water  courses  and  lakes  be 
adequate  to  the  requirements  of  the  lands  at  all  seasons,  there 
will  be  needed  merely  suitable  diversion  works  designed  to 
bring  these  waters  from  their  natural  courses  or^  beds  to  the 
area  to  be  irrigated.  More  generally,  however,  in  the  arid 
regions  the  natural  flow  of  the  water  courses  during  the 
farming  season  is  extremely  meager  or  is  too  irregular  to 
permit  reliance  being  placed  upon  it.  There  is  thus  necessi- 
tated for  the  utilization  of  these  waters  the  construction  of 
works  for  the  storage  of  the  excess  and  unseasonable  flow 
for  use  during  the  times  of  drought  and  need. 

Diversion  Wjorks.  Examples  of  projects  with  a  practically 
unlimited  supply,  requiring  only  diversion  works  for  their 
utilization,  are  those  along  the  larger  rivers,  as  the  Yuma 
Project  in  southern  Arizona  and  adjacent  portions  of  Cali- 
fornia, watered  by  the  Colorado  River  of  the  West ;  the  North 
Dakota  Pumping  Project,  which  draws  upon  the  Missouri 
River,  and  the  Huntley  and  Lower  Yellowstone  Projects  in 
Montana,  supplied  by  the  Yellowstone  River.  The  Klamath 
Project  in  Oregon  is  essentially  in  the  same  category  as  these 
river  projects,  except  that  its  supply  is  drawn  from  a  large 
natural  lake  before  the  escape  of  the  water  to  the  Klamath 
River  into  which  the  lake  naturally  discharges. 

In  some  cases  the  natural  elevation  of  the  waters  is  such 
as  to  make  possible  their  diversion  to  the  lands  to  be  irrigated 
by  the  construction  merely  of  suitable  canals  or  tunnels.  Thus, 
among  the  river  projects  above  mentioned,  the  supply  of  the 
Huntley  Project  is  drawn  off  by  means  of  a  tunnel  whose 
floor  is  below  the  low- water  surface  of  the  river ;  and  a  similar 
solution  was  achieved  in  the  Klamath  Project,  just  mentioned. 
In  most  cases,  however,  even  though  the  natural  supply  be 
sufficient  in  quantity,  its  elevation  above  the  valley  lands  to 
which  it  is  desired  to  bring  the  water  is  insufficient,  so  that 
it  becomes  necessary  to  raise  the  water  and  thus  give  it  suf- 
ficient head  to  flow  out  into  the  canals  built  along  the  valley. 


ACTIVITIES  35 

This  is  the  situation  in  the  case  of  all  the  river  projects  above 
named,  except  the  Huntley  Project. 

In  the  case  of  all  of  the  projects  but  one,  the  raising  of  the 
water  is  effected  by  means  of  a  darn.  Because  of  the  large 
and  irregular  flow  of  the  rivers  supplying  these  projects,  these 
' 'diversion  dams,"  as  they  are  called,  must  be  built  to  with- 
stand great  floods  and  at  all  times  to  safely  pass  over  the  crest 
large  volumes  of  water.  A  large  and  expensive  overflow  dam 
or  weir  in  the  main  stream  is,  therefore,  the  most  striking 
feature  of  each  of  these  projects. 

In  the  case  of  the  North  Dakota  Pumping  Project,  how- 
ever, the  elevation  and  fall  of  the  Missouri  River  were  not 
adequate  to  permit  raising  the  water  by  a  diversion  dam,  and 
the  installation  of  a  pumping  plant  was,  therefore,  resorted 
to.  To  supply  the  power  plant  the  Service  mines  its  own 
coal  at  Williston,  owning  and  operating  the  mine. 

Projects  deriving  their  water  from  adequate  natural  sup- 
plies and  requiring  only  diversion  works  for  their  utilization 
are  in  the  same  class  as  most  of  those  built  in  earlier  days 
by  individual  and  corporate  efforts.  Indeed,  even  before  the 
passage  of  the  Reclamation  Act,  private  enterprise  had  already 
seized  upon  most  opportunities  of  this  kind.  It  is  to  be 
expected,  therefore,  that  in  the  future  there  will  be  relatively 
still  fewer  projects  of  the  type  built.  In  connection  with  some 
of  the  direct  diversion  projects  already  constructed  more- 
over, although  the  natural  supplies  are  now  adequate  at  all 
seasons  to  the  demands  made  upon  them,  the  fuller  develop- 
ment or  extension  of  the  irrigable  area  supplied  may  make 
necessary  the  construction  of  storage  works.  Those  reclama- 
tion projects  which  depend  for  water  upon  the  storage  of 
floods  or  of  winter  flow  may,  therefore,  be  considered  as  the 
more  typical  projects  of  the  arid  region,  and  they  are  steadily 
increasing  in  importance  both  as  to  number  and  size. 

StorageJWorks.  The  size  and  character  of  the  dams  re- 
quired to  effect  the  storage  of  an  adequate  supply  of  water 


36          THE  U.  S.  RECLAMATION  SERVICE 

vary  widely  from  project  to  project,  depending  upon  the 
nature  of  the  reservoir  sites  available. 

In  a  few  cases  a  storage  reservoir  already  exists  in  the 
\shape  of  a  lake  located  at  the  headwater  of  a  river.  Here 
it  has  been  possible  to  increase  the  storage  capacity  of  the 
lake  basin  by  means  of  relatively  small  and  inexpensive  dams. 
The  most  striking  case  is  that  of  Lake  Tahoe  on  the  Truckee- 
Carson  Project,  where  a  low  dam  built  across  the  narrow 
outlet  of  the  lake  greatly  increased  the  storage  capacity. 
Comparable  conditions  are  found  on  the  Yakima  Project  in 
Washington.  On  the  Minidoka  Project  in  southern  Idaho, 
on  the  other  hand,  the  increase  of  the  storage  capacity  of 
Jackson  Lake  had  to  be  supplemented  by  the  creation  of  an 
artificial  lake,  known  as  Lake  Walcott,  at  the  head  of  the  main 
canal. 

The  more  usual  conditions,  however,  are  those  where  arti- 
1  ficial  bodies  of  water  are  created  in  depressions  or  valleys 
which  in  the  natural  state  contained  little  and  in  some  cases 
no  water.  The  greater  number  of  projects  built  by  the  gov- 
ernment are  of  this  character. 

Where  the  valley  or  depression  whose  outlet  is  to  be  closed 
is  the  bed  of  a  stream,  special  difficulties  are  usually  met  with 
respect  to  the  foundation  of  the  dam.  Throughout  the  arid 
region  the  streams  have,  as  a  rule,  filled  up  their  beds  above 
the  old  bed  rock  with  accumulated  debris  from  50  to  100 
feet  or  more  in  depth.  Under  these  conditions  masonry 
structures  are  very  expensive  if  not  impracticable,  and  earthen 
dams  must  generally  be  resorted  to.  The  development  of  a 
type  of  earthen  dam  which,  while  economical  to  construct, 
will  be  water-tight  and  can  carry  maximum  floods  in  its  spill- 
ways has  thus  been  one  of  the  key  problems  of  the  Service. 

Instances  of  earthen  dams  are  found  in  the  Boise  Project 
in  southern  Idaho,  where  the  rim  of  a  broad  depression  has 
been  completed  by  building  several  long,  low  earthen  dams; 
the  Truckee-Carson  Project  where  storage  of  a  supplementary 
supply  on  Carson  River  is  effected  by  an  earthen  dam  provided 


ACTIVITIES  37 

with  a  large  concrete  spillway  over  which  excessive  floods 
may  pass,  and  the  Umatilla  Project  in  Oregon  where  the  flood 
flow  from  the  river  of  that  name  is  stored  by  a  large  earthen 
dam  built  out  on  what  was  formerly  a  dry  desert.  Perhaps 
the  most  notable  of  the  earthen  dams  is  that  on  the  Belle 
Fourche  Project  in  South  Dakota  comparable  in  height  and 
length  with  the  Gatun  dam  at  Panama,  though  much  thinner 
in  cross  section. 

Where,  however,  solid  rock  is  found  at  reasonable  depth 
beneath  the  surface,  it  is  possible  to  build  dams  of  apparently 
greater  stability  and  of  more  imposing  character.  Chief 
among  these  is  the  Roosevelt  dam  in  Arizona  controlling 
water  for  the  Salt  River  Project.  The  magnitude  and  pic- 
turesque location  of  this  structure  built  of  masonry  appeal 
to  the  imagination  and  cause  it  to  be  popularly  regarded  as 
typifying  the  enterprises  of  the  Reclamation  Service.  It  was 
made  possible  not  only  by  the  solid  rock  found  beneath  the 
river  channel,  but  by  the  excellent  material  for  building  found 
in  adjacent  cliffs.  Similar  conditions  existed  on  the  North 
Platte  River  in  central  Wyoming  where,  at  what  is  known 
as  the  Pathfinder  site,  the  stream  had  cut  through  granite 
walls,  permitting  large  masses  of  masonry  to  be  economically 
quarried,  and  a  high  wall  to  be  built  in  the  narrow  canyon. 

It  more  often  happens,  however,  that  the  rock  available 
for  construction  of  a  dam  is  of  inferior  quality,  and  with 
modern  methods  and  machinery  it  can  be  more  economically 
crushed  to  small  size,  mixed  with  sand  and  cement,  and  then 
poured  into  place  to  form  a  monolithic  structure.  This  con- 
dition makes  possible  the  organization  of  a  steady  working 
force  and  a  routine  comparable  to  that  of  a  manufacturing 
establishment,  in  which  the  raw  materials  are  prepared,  mixed, 
and  put  into  place  systematically  during  three  8-hour  shifts 
every  day  and  for  weeks,  months,  or  years  in  succession  with 
hardly  a  break.  There  results  a  higher  economy  than  is  pos- 
sible under  the  less  systematic  methods  of  quarrying  and  de- 
livering large  stones  of  irregular  shape  and  strength. 


38          THE  U.  S.  RECLAMATION  SERVICE 

The  concrete  dam  is,  therefore,  next  to  the  earthen  dam, 
the  structure  which  is  of  most  importance  in  present  and  fu- 
ture development.  It  is  well  typified  by  the  East  Park  dam 
on  the  Orland  Project  in  California,  which  is  built  on  the 
arch  plan  so  that  the  water  behind  it  forces  it  more  firmly 
against  the  side  walls.  Larger  and  more  striking,  however, 
is  the  Arrowrock  dam  on  the  Boise  River,  the  highest  in  the 
world,  the  crest  being  g^  feet  above  bedrock.  It  is  built 
of  rubble  concrete  and  on  the  arch  plan.  Comparable  with 
this  in  size  and  importance  is  the  Elephant  Butte  dam  across 
the  Rio  Grande  in  New  Mexico,  about  150  miles  north  of 
the  Mexican  border.  It  is  likewise  built  of  rubble  concrete 
but  in  a  straight  line. 

The  forms  of  diversion  works  employed  in  conveying  stored 
water  from  the  reservoir  to  the  lands  to  be  irrigated  do  not 
differ  in  essentials  from  those  employed  for  diverting  natural 
supplies.  Both  tunnel  and  canal  structures  are  employed. 
Such  canals  or  tunnels  in  some  cases  begin  directly  at  the 
reservoir,  in  others  use  is  made,  for  a  greater  or  less  distance, 
of  the  bed  of  the  stream  across  which  the  dam  is  constructed. 
A  striking  example  of  such  use  is  found  in  the  case  of  the  Salt 
River  Project  in  Arizona  where  the  water  stored  by  the  Roose- 
velt dam  is  permitted,  as  needed,  to  flow  through  the  im- 
passable and  almost  unknown  canyons  for  forty  miles,  emerg- 
ing at  the  edge  of  the  desert  valley  where  the  task  of  diver- 
sion is  taken  up  by  artificial  works. 

Distributing  Systems.  The  works  for  storing  or  diverting 
water  are  usually  built  of  such  mass  and  material  as  to  be 
almost  indestructible  and  the  cost  of  maintenance  is  relatively 
insignificant.  The  distributing  system  which  takes  the  water 
to  each  and  every  irrigated  farm  and  field  requires,  especially 
during  the  irrigation  season,  continual  manipulation  and  over- 
sight and  frequent  cleaning  and  repairs. 

£The  character  of  the  distributing  system  is  dictated  by  the 
topography  or  slope  of  the  fields.  If  the  irrigable  area  is  a 


ACTIVITIES  39 

plain  with  gentle  slope,  it  may  be  possible  to  lay  out  a  system 
and  build  the  hundreds  of  miles  of  smaller  canals  and  ditches 
with  great  economy  on  straight  lines  and  later  maintain  these 
with  the  minimum  of  labor.  If,  however,  as  on  the  Umatilla 
Project  in  Oregon,  the  ground  is  rolling,  the  distributing  canals 
must  be  built  to  follow  as  far  as  possible  the  leading  ridges 
and  cross  from  one  high  point  to  another  either  by  flumes 
elevated  in  the  air  or  by  pipes  buried  beneath  the  surface. 
Thus  canals  and  ditches  cross  and  recross  each  other  at  differ- 
ent levels  and  the  system  of  distribution  is  not  only  very 
expensive  to  build  but  difficult  to  maintain. 

Drainage  Systems.  In  all  irrigation  projects  drainage  is  as 
essential  as  is  a  sewage  system  in  a  city  having  an  abundant 
water  supply  and  for  the  same  reason,  namely,  the  necessity 
of  disposing  of  waste  or  surplus  water.  The  need  for  drain- 
age is  not  always  immediately  apparent,  but  in  course  of  time 
the  country  becomes  saturated  and  unless  drainage  is  resorted 
to  the  excess  water  not  only  appears  on  the  surface  of  the 
low  grounds  but  brings  up  the  alkaline  salt,  forming  a  crust 
on  the  surface  and  destroying  nearly  all  useful  vegetation. 

The  natural  drainage  of  the  several  projects  varies  greatly, 
the  need  for  the  construction  of  drainage  works  varying  cor- 
respondingly. Illustrative  of  projects  having  excellent  na- 
tural drainage  is  the  North  Platte  Project  in  Nebraska  and 
Wyoming  where  the  lands  lie  in  a  long  narrow  strip  in  the 
valley  bordering  the  natural  channel  and  are  watered  by  a 
single  main  canal  which  roughly  parallels  the  river.  From 
this  main  line  canal  smaller  laterals  take  out  water  each  in 
successive  order  and  the  excess  or  seepage  escapes  to  the  river 
channel. 

In  contrast  to  this  are  the  conditions  where  the  irrigable 
area  is  out  on  a  broad  plain  and  consists  of  a  compact  group 
of  farms  lying  in  a  broad  belt  running  away  from  the  stream. 
Here  the  seepage  water  does  not  have  a  quick  or  immediate 
outlet  toward  the  main  stream.  Such,  for  example,  is  the 


40          THE  U.  S.  RECLAMATION  SERVICE 

Minidoka  Project  in  Idaho,  or  the  Salt  River  Project  in  Ari- 
zona. Under  these  conditions  the  question  of  drainage  becomes 
particularly  difficult  and  important. 

For  most  of  the  reclamation  projects,  drainage  systems  have 
been  outlined  and  in  part  constructed.  Where  the  lands  are 
nearly  level,  as  on  the  north  side  of  Snake  River  on  the 
Minidoka  Project,  Idaho,  large  expenditures  are  necessi- 
tated. This  area,  originally  a  dry  sandy  plain,  has  been  so 
generously  supplied  with  water  that  it  has  accumulated  in 
every  depression  and  valuable  fields  have  been  injured.  Deep 
drains  have  been  provided  and  arrangements  made  to  pump 
out  some  of  the  excess  water  from  the  depressions  to  which 
it  can  be  led  by  gravity  flow.  Similar  conditions  exist  on  the 
older  part  of  the  Boise  Project  in  Idaho  and  on  the  Rio 
Grande  Project  in  New  Mexico  and  Texas. 

Anomalous  drainage  conditions  are  found  on  the  Shoshone 
Project  in  Wyoming.  Although  the  slope  of  the  land  is  quite 
noticeable,  being  nearly  20  feet  to  the  mile,  and  the  surface 
soil  is  underlaid  with  thick  beds  of  gravel,  the  water  has  not 
passed  out  through  the  gravels,  much  to  the  surprise  of  agri- 
cultural experts.  Swampy  areas  have  been  formed  even  on 
the  slopes  and  to  relieve  these  a  drainage  system  has  been 
laid  out  in  accordance  not  with  the  surface  but  the  subsurface 
conditions,  which  are  responsible  for  the  peculiar  situation 
described. 

The  leading  characteristics  of  the  various  types  of  reclama- 
tion projects  having  been  described,  account  will  now  be  given 
of  the  specific  activities  involved  in  the  initiation,  construc- 
tion, and  management  of  those  projects,  grouped  under  heads 
corresponding  in  the  main  to  the  several  stages  commonly 
followed  in  the  realization  of  a  particular  project.  These 
are: 

1.  Location  of  project. 

2.  Designing  of  project. 

3.  Construction  of  project. 


ACTIVITIES  41 

4.  Opening  of  project. 

5.  Fiscal  management  of  project. 

6.  Operation  of  works. 

7.  Transfer  to  water  users'  association. 

8.  Dissemination  of  information  to  water  users. 

Location  of  Projects.  As  has  been  pointed  out  in  the  pre- 
ceding chapter,  the  Secretary  of  the  Interior  was,  by  the  origi- 
nal terms  of  the  Reclamation  Act,  authorized  to  locate  the 
works  constructed  under  the  act.  The  location  by  Secretary 
of 'the  Interior  Hitchcock  of  the  twenty-five  projects  author- 
ized between  1902  and  1907  was,  in  fact,  determined  by  him 
with  the  concurrence  of  President  Roosevelt. 

Jn  1910,  as  already  stated,  the  direct  order  of  the  Presi- 
dent was  made  necessary  for  the  location  of  any  new  project, 
and  in  1915  Congress  in  effect  reserved  to  itself  the  right 
to  locate  projects  in  future  by  adopting  the  policy  of  making 
annual  appropriations  for  specific  projects. 

Since  the  adoption  of  this  policy,  however,  Congress  has 
authorized  the  construction  of  no  new  projects.  It  is  con- 
sequently not  practicable  to  give  any  accurate  account  of  the 
procedure  which  would  now  be  followed  by  the  Service  in  lo- 
cating a  new  project,  in  pursuance  or  in  expectation  of  an 
authorization  by  Congress.  Instead  there  can  T)e  given  only 
a  statement  of  the  procedure  which  was  followed  by  the 
Service  in  the  years  prior  to  the  enactment  requiring  con- 
gressional authorization. 

•The  first  step  in  that  procedure  was  the  selection  of  a  par- 
ticular area  as  probably  susceptible  of  irrigation.  The  pub- 
lic lands  in  this  area  were  thereupon  withdrawn  from  entry. 
Detailed  examination  of  the  area  for  determination  of  the 
practicability  of  its  reclamation  was  then  made  and  recom- 
mendation forwarded  to  the  Secretary  of  the  Interior  ac- 
cordingly. Upon  favorable  consideration  of  the  recommenda- 
tion by  the  Secretary,  authority  to  proceed  with  the  design 
and  construction  of  the  works  was  issued  by  him. 


42          THE  U.  S.  RECLAMATION  SERVICE 

The  selection  of  irrigable  areas  depends  not  only  upon 
considerations  relating  to  the  adequacy  of  the  water  supply, 
the  feasibility  of  storing  and  conducting  it,  and  to  the  suit- 
ability of  the  soil  for  agriculture,  but  also  upon  certain  legal 
or  artificial  conditions  of  title  to  land  and  water,  state  lines, 
and  other  factors. 

The  climate  in  nearly  every  part  of  the  arid  region,  except 
on  the  higher  mountains,  is  suitable  for  the  production  of  some 
kind  of  valuable  crop;  the  soil,  although  differing  in  value 
in  each  locality,  is  of  such  quality  throughout  the  arid  region 
that  with  care  and  skill  it  can  usually  be  rendered  sufficiently 
productive  to  justify  cultivation  by  irrigation.  Thus,  climate 
and  soil  are  given  consideration,  but  they  are  so  generally 
found  to  be  good  or  fair  that  few,  if  any,  projects  are  re- 
jected or  seriously  modified  on  account  of  them. 

Market  conditions  or  distance  from  centers  of  population 
constitute  an  important  consideration  in  the  selection  and 
growth  of  a  project.  Each  large  irrigation  enterprise  pro- 
jected at  a  remote  point  has  been  connected  with  the  outside 
world  by  railroad  routes  so  that  if  there  is  discovered  a  large 
body  of  land  susceptible  of  irrigation,  there  has  been  usually 
little  delay  in  entering  upon  the  construction  on  the  ground 
that  it  is  remote  from  markets.  Experience  has  shown  that 
by  the  time  crops  were  produced  some  one  railroad  or  more 
often  two  competing  roads  have  been  built  crossing  the  re- 
claimed lands. 

The  more  vital  points  considered  in  the  selection  of  the 
project  and  in  the  planning  of  works  are  the  limitations  which 
grow  out  of  the  quantity  or  location  of  water  supply.  Data 
regarding  water  supply,  upon  which  was  based  the  initial 
selection  of  irrigable  areas  by  the  Reclamation  Service  in  the 
several  years  following  the  passage  of  the  Reclamation  Act, 
had  already  been  collected  in  large  measure  by  the  Geological 
Survey,  partly  in  connection  with  the  so-called  Powell  Survey 
carried  on  under  the  appropriations  of  1888  and  1889,  partly 
under  the  regular  water  resources  appropriations  and,  in  large 


ACTIVITIES 


43 


measure,  as  a  part  of  the  regular  topographic  and  geologic 
mapping  of  the  country.  In  addition,  there  was  available 
a  considerable  amount  of  data  which  had  been  obtained  by 
corporations  or  individuals  as  preliminary  to  the  possible 
construction  of  private  irrigation  works,  as  well  as  by  state 
engineers  in  connection  with  the  construction  of  irrigation 
works  under  the  Carey  Act.  In  Nevada  and  western  Cali- 
fornia a  number  of  surveys  had  been  made  by  Representative, 
later  Senator  Francis  G.  Newlands,  of  Nevada,  whose  activity 
in  securing  the  enactment  of  the  Reclamation  Act  has  already 
been  referred  to. 

The  work  of  topographic  mapping  and  of  investigation  of 
water  resources  is  still  being  carried  on  by  the  Geological 
Survey  for  the  arid  regions,  as  for  the  other  sections  of  the 
country,  and  the  results  of  these  investigations  will  doubtless 
be  made  use  of  by  the  Reclamation  Service  in  the  preliminary 
selection  of  additional  irrigable  areas,  should  it  be  decided  to 
enter  upon  the  construction  of  new  projects. 

In  the  initial  selection  of  irrigable  areas  the  choice  of  pro- 
jects was  governed  less  by  the  question  of  ease  or  cheapness 
of  work  than  by  the  expressed  desire  on  the  part  of  public 
men  that  the  Reclamation  Service  should  confine  its  efforts 
as  largely  as  possible  to  those  works  which  for  one  cause  or 
another  could  not  readily  be  built  by  corporate  effort,  namely, 
those  involving  interstate  or  international  relations  or  legal 
complications  which  put  them  beyond  the  reach  of  either 
private  or  state  enterprise.  Lands  which  might  be  reclaimed 
were  being  held  out  of  use  by  the  fact  that  their  reclamation 
depended  upon  cooperation  between  states  or  upon  use  of 
interstate  streams.  For  example,  the  lands  now  embraced  in 
the  North  Platte  Project  in  Nebraska  could  be  irrigated  only 
by  water  stored  in  Wyoming,  much  of  which  originates  in 
Colorado;  but  the  officials  of  the  latter  state  claimed  the  right 
to  hold  or  divert  all  water  which  occurs  in  that  state  even 
though  under  natural  conditions  it  flows  across  the  boundaries 
and  is  needed  elsewhere.  Similarly,  the  project  on  the  lower 


44          THE  U.  S.  RECLAMATION  SERVICE 

Rio  Grande  was  made  possible  only  by  a  treaty  with  Mexico, 
and  the  St.  Mary-Milk  River  canal  was  built  following  the  suc- 
cessful negotiation  of  a  treaty  with  Great  Britain  on  behalf 
of  the  Canadian  interests. 

Reference  has  already  been  made,  in  the  preceding  chapter, 
to  the  attempt  made,  in  the  first  selection  of  projects,  to  give 
preference  to  those  consisting  mainly  of  public  lands  and  of 
the  reasons  for  its  abandonment. 

The  conclusion  having  been  reached  by  the  Reclamation 
Service  that  a  given  area  offered  a  possible  location  for  a 
reclamation  project,  recommendation  was  made  to  the  Secre- 
tary of  the  Interior  that  the  public  lands  in  that  area  be  with- 
drawn from  entry  under  the  public  land  laws. 

Up  to  the  time  that  the  lands  are  actually  withdrawn  the 
work  must  necessarily  be  somewhat  confidential  in  character 
in  order  to  prevent  enterprising  individuals  from  seizing  upon 
pieces  of  land  which  might  be  needed  in  the  development  of 
the  system.  Many  a  desirable  irrigation  project  has  been 
blocked  or  heavily  burdened  by  speculators  obtaining  posses- 
sion of  land  necessary  for  the  prosecution  of  work.  When, 
however,  the  lands  have  been  withdrawn  and  there  is  no  longer 
necessity  for  secrecy,  the  plans  may  be  (Disclosed  and  sub- 
mitted to  searching  scrutiny. 

Withdrawal  of  Lands.  The  withdrawal  of  the  public  lands 
in  the  irrigable  area  from  entry  is  effected  through  the  Gen- 
eral Land  Office.  The  lands  withdrawn  are  designated  as 
having  been  withdrawn  under  either  the  "first  form"  or  the 
"second  form."  Lands  withdrawn  under  the  "first  form" 
are  withdrawn  absolutely,  on  the  ground  of  their  being  re- 
quired for  the  irrigation  works  and  subsidiary  structures. 
Those  withdrawn  under  the  "second  form"  are  so  withdrawn 
because  they  are,  to  quote  the  act,  "believed  to  be  susceptible 
of  irrigation  from  said  works."  They  are  withdrawn  only 
from  all  forms  of  entry  other  than  that  provided  by  the  home- 
stead laws,  as  modified  by  the  Reclamation  Act. 

Withdrawal,  whether  under  the  first  or  second  form,  af- 


ACTIVITIES  45 

fects  only  tracts,  the  ownership  or  control  of  which  has  not 
already  passed  out  of  the  hands  of  the  officers  of  the  General 
Land  Office.  Claims  already  initiated  are  n^t  affected.  In 
the  case  of  relinquishment  or  abandonment  of  any  of  these 
rights,  however,  the  withdrawal  automatically  takes  effect. 

When  it  is  definitely  established  by  the  engineers  of  the 
Reclamation  Service  that  any  of  the  lands  withdrawn  will 
not  be  required  for  construction,  operation  or  maintenance, 
or  that  they  cannot  be  irrigated  under  the  project,  such  lands 
are  restored  to  public  entry. 

Preliminary  survey  of  the  lands  withdrawn  is  next  made. 
In  this  examination  careful  attention  is  given  not  merely 
to  the  topographic  and  hydrographic  features  of  the  area, 
but  to  the  climatic  conditions  (especially  the  temperature  and 
rainfall,  frosts,  and  the  character  of  the  soil),  to  the  factors 
affecting  transportation,  and  to  vested  rights  in  and  claims  to 
lands  and  the  use  of  waters. 

The  detailed  data  regarding  available  water  supply  are 
obtained  almost  wholly  from  the  United  States  Geological 
Survey,  one  of  the  functions  of  that  service  being,  as  already 
stated,  that  of  investigating  the  water  resources  of  the  United 
States,  including  the  measurement  of  stream  flow.  The  facts 
gathered  by  it  are  used  by  the  Reclamation  Service  in  de- 
termining whether  the  water  within  a  drainage  area  was  suf- 
ficient for  the  successful  cultivation  of  the  lands  to  be  in- 
cluded within  an  irrigation  project. 

Formation  of  Water  Users'  Associations.  In  the  initial 
selection  of  projects,  the  examination  of  the  situation  existing 
with  respect  to  the  ownership  of  the  irrigable  area  revealed, 
in  many  cases,  the  necessity  of  obtaining  for  the  government 
a  mortgage  upon  the  lands  in  private  ownership  as  security  for 
the  repayment  of  the  construction  charges.  This  was  accom- 
plished, as  explained  in  the  preceding  chapter,  by  the  forma- 
tion of  water  users'  associations. 

Although  the  form  of  agreement  adopted  by  the  twenty- 
two  water  users'  associations  in  different  parts  of  the  country 


46          THE  U.  S.  RECLAMATION  SERVICE 

varied  in  accordance  with  local  needs,  in  virtually  every  case 
each  person  joining  such  organizations  agreed 

(1)  to  turnover  to  the  management  of  the  association  all 
water  which  he  had  heretofore  appropriated,  to  be  adminis- 
tered in  connection  with  the  additional  water  supply  furnished 
from  the  government  irrigation  system; 

(2)  to  make  his  former  water  rights,  as  well  as  the  gov- 
ernment water  rights,  appurtenant  to  the  land  irrigated; 

(3)  to  pay  the  construction  charges  which  might  be  im- 
posed by  the  Secretary  of  the  Interior  pursuant  to  the  Rec- 
lamation Act; 

(4)  that  such  charges  should  be  a  lien  on  the  land,  which 
the  association  might  enforce; 

(5)  to  dispose  of  the  lands  he  owned  in  excess  of   160 
acres,  that  being  the  maximum  area  under  single  ownership  to 
which  water  might  be  supplied  under  the  Reclamation  Act. 

In  some  cases  89  acres  was  set  as  the  maximum. 

• 

The  form  of  organization  which  has  hitherto  been  adopted 
for  water  users'  organizations  is  that  of  a  corporation,  each 
member  holding  stock  therein  in  proportion  to  the  acreage 
of  irrigable  land  owned  by  him. 

Authorisation  of  Project.  Upon  the  completion  of  the  pre- 
liminary survey  and,  where  necessary,  of  negotiations  with 
the  water  users'  association,  recommendation  was  made,  where 
warranted,  to  the  Secretary  of  the  Interior  that  the  project 
be  declared  practicable.  Of  the  seventy-nine  irrigable  areas 
which  were  examined  by  the  Service  during  the  years  1902- 
1907,  only  twenty-five  were  recommended  to  the  Secretary 
as  then  practicable  for  irrigation.  The  remainder  have  been 
designated  "secondary  projects"  and  some  of  them  will  doubt- 
less form  the  basis  for  future  operations  of  the  Service,  should 
the  initiation  of  new  projects  be  decided  on  by  Congress. 

Upon  approval  by  the  Secretary  of  the  recommendation  of  a 
project  as  practicable,  authorization  was  issued  to  the  Director 
of  the  Service  to  proceed  with  the  preparation  of  the  plans 
and  with  the  construction  of  so  much  of  the  works  as  seemed 
warranted  by  the  condition  of  the  reclamation  fund. 


ACTIVITIES  47 

Of  the  twenty-six  primary  projects  constructed  by  the 
Service,  all  but  one  were  authorized  during  the  administra- 
tion of  President  Roosevelt,  and  the  Secretary  of  the  In- 
terior in  every  case  conferred  with  him  prior  to  issuing  au- 
thorization. 

Designing  the  Project  Works.  The  Service  has  not,  for 
several  years  past,  been  called  upon  to  design  any  new  proj- 
ects, but  it  has  been  necessary  from  time  to  time  to  design 
new  units  or  extensions  of  existing  projects.  The  prepara- 
tion of  plans  and  specifications  may,  therefore,  be  regarded 
as  one  of  the  current  activities  of  the  Service. 

Selection  of  Reservoir  Sites.  On  the  typical  project,  the 
selection  of  a  reservoir  site  is  commonly  the  controlling  fea- 
ture of  the  design  and  to  it  attention  must  first  be  given. 
Within  each  upland  or  mountainous  area  from  which  water 
might  be  had  there  are  commonly  a  number  of  possible  reser- 
voir sites.  The  preliminary  reconnaissance  usually  reveals 
these,  but  not  even  the  most  experienced  engineer  can  readily 
decide  which  is  preferable.  The  relative  value  of  the  several 
alternatives  presented  can  be  determined  only  by  obtaining 
data  concerning  the  capacity  of  the  reservoirs  and  their  loca- 
tion with  reference  to  the  available  supply.  For  example,  the 
best  reservoir  site  may  be  so  high  in  the  mountains  that  it 
cannot  receive  sufficient  water,  while  a  smaller  and  more  ex- 
pensive site  may  be  found  lower  down  but  so  limited  in  capacity 
as  not  to  hold  all  of  the  available  supply.  A  large  reservoir 
may  have  an  expensive  dam  site  or  a  basin  of  small  capacity 
may  possess  an  excellent  dam  site.  There  are  almost  innumer- 
able conditions  which  must  be  taken  into  account,  and  to 
give  proper  weight  to  each  of  these  it  is  necessary  that  there 
be  made  surveys  of  sufficient  detail  to  show  the  capacity  of 
the  various  sites,  the  ability  to  fill  them,  and  the  character 
of  the  dam  sites  and  other  necessary  adjuncts. 

After  a  general  study  of  various  possibilities  has  been  fin- 
ished, selection  is  made  of  the  one  or  two  reservoir  sites 


48          THE  U.  S.  RECLAMATION  SERVICE 

which  appear  to  be  most  favorable.  It  is  then  necessary  to 
make  more  detailed  examinations  to  verify  the  assumptions 
made,  and  t*  ascertain  with  great  exactness  not  only  the  con- 
tents of  the  reservoir  for  various  heights  of  water  but,  more 
than  this,  the  exact  size  and  shape  of  the  site  upon  which  it 
is  proposed  to  build  a  dam.  There  is  usually  quite  a  range 
of  practicable  locations  as,  for  example,  the  dam  may  be 
placed  a  few  hundred  yards  higher  up  stream  with  possibly 
greater  length  or  lower  down  on  a  better  foundation,  the 
larger  cubical  contents  of  the  dam  in  one  locality  balancing 
certain  advantages  of  depth  to  foundation  or  material  avail- 
able at  another  spot. 

The  detailed  surveys  at  the  various  proposed  dam  sites  are 
usually  made  on  a  scale  of  100  feet  to  the  inch,  more  or  less, 
and  with  contour  interval  of  from  two  to  five  feet,  dependent 
upon  the  steepness  of  the  sides.  Explorations  of  the  under- 
ground conditions  are  also  made  either  by  open  pits  or  shafts, 
or  by  deep  holes  put  down  with  a  diamond  drill  which  re- 
covers the  core,  or  by  some  of  the  ordinary  forms  of  well 
drill.  A  study  of  the  records  of  these  drillings  furnishes  facts 
usually  sufficient  to  reveal  the  relative  advantages  and  disad- 
vantages of  the  alternative  locations  and  enables  a  selection 
to  be  made  from  among  them. 

Preparation  of  Detailed  Topographic  and  Land  Map.  Be- 
fore laying  out  the  distributing  system,  it  is  necessary  that 
there  be  available  a  detailed  map,  not  only  of  the  topography 
but  of  the  boundaries  of  the  several  tracts  of  public  and  pri- 
vate land  within  the  irrigable  area,  as  well  as  of  township, 
quarter-section,  and  meander  lines. 

A  topographic  map  is  prepared  of  the  grounds  about  the 
headworks  of  each  important  main  canal  and  is  continued 
in  a  narrow  belt  along  the  line  of  the  proposed  canal  and 
out  to  the  irrigable  lands.  This  drawing  is  made  in  suffi- 
cient detail  to  permit  the  "paper  location"  of  the  works  by 
study  in  the  local  office;  in  other  words,  instead  of  the  actual 
survey  and  location  on  the  ground  of  each  of  the  several  alter- 


ACTIVITIES  49 

nate  lines,  the  map  is  so  prepared  as  to  permit  exact  compari- 
son of  the  various  suggested  lines  and  grades.  For  example, 
it  may  seem  that  a  main  canal  with  rapid  fall  and  narrow  cross- 
section  can  be  built  more  economically  than  a  canal  with  less 
slope  and  a  wider  section.  To  ascertain  whether  this  is  actu- 
ally the  case  a  paper  location  is  made,  and  this  may  be  fol- 
lowed, if  the  map  is  sufficiently  accurate,  by  a  computation  of 
quantities,  all  being  done  at  far  less  cost  than  by  separate 
surveys  in  the  field. 

In  addition  to  the  detailed  maps  of  the  main  canal  lines, 
a  topographic  map  is  prepared  of  all  the  irrigable  lands  to 
which  the  distribution  system  is  to  be  built.  This  map  is 
made  on  a  scale  of  from  400  to  1000  feet  to  the  inch,  with 
contour  intervals  at  vertical  distances  of  from  five  to  ten  feet. 
On  it  is  indicated,  also,  the  character  of  soil,  studies  of  which 
have  in  the  meantime  been  made  by  the  experts  of  the  De- 
partment of  Agriculture,  and  other  important  features.  By 
means  of  this  map  it  is  possible  to  locate  the  branches  of  the 
proposed  distribution  system. 

On  the  broad  undulating  surface  of  the  irrigable  lands 
there  are  frequently  available  numerous  alternatives  for  the 
location  of  the  canal  system.  Sometimes  there  is  found  a 
series  of  leading  ridges  which  limit  the  method  of  laying  out 
the  distribution  system,  but,  in  other  cases,  there  is  a  gentle 
slope  which  permits  distributaries  to  be  carried  in  any  one  of 
several  directions.  Here  again  considerations  must  be  carefully 
balanced  between  steep  narrow  canals  and  very  gently  graded 
distributaries  of  larger  cross  section.  Consideration  must  also 
be  given  to  the  method  and  cost  of  ultimate  operation  and 
maintenance  of  the  works.  In  the  private  canals  built  by  the 
pioneers  the  first  consideration  was  economy  of  construction; 
the  ultimate  cost  of  keeping  up  the  works  was  given  little 
thought.  In  the  enterprises  of  the  Reclamation  Service,  how- 
ever, where  there  are  ample  funds  to  cover  the  first  cost,  a 
larger  consideration  is  given  to  the  cost  of  the  resultant  meth- 
ods of  handling  the  water. 


50          THE  U.  S.  RECLAMATION  SERVICE 

In  connection  with  the  topographic  mappings,  careful  at- 
tention is  also  given  to  the  exact  location  of  the  boundaries 
and  corners  of  the  farms  and  tracts  within  the  project.  This 
work  in  many  cases  has  disclosed  errors  in  the  location  of  ex- 
isting fences.  It  has  been  necessary,  as  a  rule,  to  reestablish 
the  old  corners  of  the  vacant  public  lands  and,  in  some  cases, 
to  call  for  an  entirely  new  survey  and  subdivision.  The  en- 
suing complications  have  often  been  extremely  vexing,  espe- 
cially where  groups  of  settlers  have  taken  up  lands  whose 
exact  boundaries  were  unknown  and  where  re-survey  has  dis- 
closed conflicting  claims  and  overlapping  areas.  It  is,  of 
course,  frequently  impracticable  to  lay  out  a  distributing  sys- 
tem until  these  difficulties  have  been  adjusted. 

Preparation  of  Plans  and  Specifications.  The  preparation 
of  plans  is  done,  as  far  as  practicable,  upon  the  ground  itself, 
in  contradistinction  to  having  a  mass  of  notes  sent  to  a  central 
office  to  be  worked  up.  It  is  believed  that  no  matter  how 
carefully  prepared  field  notes  and  comments  may  be,  there 
are  always  some  conditions  which,  although  well  known  to 
the  man  in  the  field,  cannot  be  imparted  in  their  full  signifi- 
cance to  the  designer  at  a  distance.  It  is  believed  to  be  far 
more  economical  to  bring  the  designer  to  the  work  than  to 
bring  the  work  to  some  central  office. 

Specifications,  however,  are  worked  up  mainly  in  the  Wash- 
ington office  in  order  that  there  may  be  uniformity.  Stand- 
ard specifications  are  now  in  use  for  the  great  majority  of 
items.  In  the  development  of  these  standards  during  the 
early  days  of  the  Service's  work,  the  preliminary  drafts  were 
submitted  for  criticism  to  men  experienced  in  contracting, 
both  from  the  government  standpoint  and  from  that  of  the 
contractors  themselves.  As  a  basis,  all  of  the  existing  forms 
which  could  be  obtained  were  considered,  and  these  were  modi- 
fied or  adapted  to  the  use  of  the  Reclamation  Service  as  far 
as  practicable. 

For  the  projects  first  undertaken  there  were  few,  if  any,  ex- 
isting precedents  in  the  way  of  executed  works  of  character 


ACTIVITIES  51 

similar  to  those  to  be  built.  It  is  true  that  under  the  terms 
of  the  Carey  Act  private  enterprise  had  already  started  upon 
canal  systems  of  considerable  size,  but  most  of  these  were  of 
a  character  hardly  suitable  to  form  a  model  for  work  by  the 
government.  The  older  structures  were  usually  of  wood  and 
were  temporary  in  character,  having  been  erected  with  the 
idea  that  by  the  time  these  had  decayed,  the  owners  would  be 
in  such  financial  condition  as  to  be  able  to  replace  them  with 
more  permanent  material.  In  each  such  case,  due  to  shortage 
*of  funds  and  to  the  large  interest  charges,  it  was  necessary 
to  build  as  cheaply  as  possible.  The  investors,  as  a  rule  also, 
were  concerned  mainly  with  getting  water  to  the  lands  at  the 
earliest  possible  date,  so  that  these  might  be  sold  and  the  re- 
sponsibility of  the  works  transferred  to  other  hands  before 
they  became  seriously  impaired  by  age. 

-In  the  case  of  the  government,  however,  there  were  rela- 
tively large  funds  available,  and  no  difficulties  to  be  met  with 
reference  to  interest  charges  or  profits  to  the  investor.  It 
was  found  more  economical  in  the  long  run  to  build  perma- 
nent structures  of  concrete  and  steel  than  to  use  wood.  Be- 
cause of  this  fact,  as  above  noted,  it  was  necessary  for  the  en- 
gineers of  the  Reclamation  Service  to  act  as  pioneers  as  re- 
gards permanent  construction.  When  the  first  works  were 
undertaken,  shortly  after  the  passage  of  the  Reclamation  Act 
in  1902,  there  were  relatively  few  figures  available  as  to  the 
actual  cost  of  similar  structures,  and  little  was  known  of 
the  difficulties  of  work  of  this  kind  under  the  conditions  ob- 
taining. It  was  thus  necessary  to  make  assumptions  regarding 
the  probable  cost  of  materials  and  of  labor  at  future  periods 
and  at  remote  places,  many  of  which  were  afterwards  found 
to  be  erroneous. 

Construction  of  Projects.  Authorizations  to  proceed  with 
the  construction  of  particular  units  or  portions  of  a  project 
are  made  by  the  Secretary  of  the  Interior,  and,  since  1915, 
within  the  limitations  of  the  appropriation  annually  made  by 


52          THE  U.  S.  RECLAMATION  SERVICE 

Congress  for  such  project.  Such  appropriations  are  made 
upon  the  basis  of  estimates  submitted  by  the  Secretary  to 
Congress  in  the  Book  of  Estimates;  and  a  regular  procedure 
is  in  force  in  the  Service  for  collecting  annually  from  the 
several  project  engineers  estimates  of  the  cost  of  construc- 
tion on  their  projects  during  the  ensuing  fiscal  year.  Al- 
though these  estimates  are  presented  to  Congress  in  great  de- 
tail, the  precise  portion  of  the  project  and  character  of  the 
work  to  be  done  on  it  being  specified,  the  appropriation  grant- 
ed by  Congress  is  in  the  form  of  a  lump  sum  for  each  project, 
covering  continuation  of  construction,  operation  and  mainte- 
nance. In  addition,  the  Secretary  is  authorized  to  transfer 
not  more  than  10  per  cent,  of  the  appropriation  for  any 
given  project  to  other  projects.  A  considerable  discretion, 
therefore,  still  remains  in  the  Secretary,  or  in  effect,  in  the 
Director  of  the  Service,  in  determining  the  speed  with  which 
and  direction  in  which  construction  shall  be  carried  forward. 
Upon  the  receipt  of  authorization  to  proceed  with  con- 
struction, determination  is  made  as  to  whether  the  several 
sections  of  the  work  can  be  constructed  more  economically 
by  contract  or  by  the  Service  directly  through  its  own  forces. 
The  contract  method  is  employed  for  all  ordinary  construc- 
tion where  the  character  and  amount  of  the  work  to  be  done 
can  be  definitely  anticipated  and  described.  Where,  however, 
a  piece  of  construction  involves  many  uncertainties  and  is 
liable  to  interruption  by  floods,  the  Service  does  the  work 
itself.  The  construction  of  the  foundations  of  dams,  where 
the  character  of  the  rock  which  may  be  found  in  the  river 
bed  cannot  readily  be  ascertained  in  advance,  is  an  example 
of  the  kind  of  construction  commonly  done  directly  by  the 
forces  of  the  Service.  The  reasons  for  the  adoption  of  this 
policy  of  direct  employment  by  the  Service  were  well  stated 
by  the  Director  of  the  Service  in  a  hearing  before  the  Com- 
mittee on  Arid  Lands  in  1910.  Instancing  a  type  of  con- 
struction work  which  was  liable  to  sudden  destruction  by 
flood,  he  said :  "An  experienced  business  man  must  figure  on 


ACTIVITIES  53 

a  considerable  profit  as  an  offset  to  the  risk  he  runs  of  having 
his  investment  destroyed  by  a  sudden  flood.  .  .  .  If  the  con- 
tractor is  lucky  he  makes  a  big  bonus;  and  if  he  is  unlucky 
the  government  practically  assumes  the  risk  and  the  loss.  The 
contractor  fails  and  we  have  a  lawsuit  on  our  hands." 

Construction  by  Contract.  In  planning  for  the  letting  of 
contracts  for  construction,  the  attempt  is  made,  where  the 
nature  of  the  work  permits,  as  in  the  case  of  long  canals  and 
distributing  systems,  to  divide  the  job  into  units  small  enough 
to  be  undertaken  by  local  persons  with  limited  capital,  in 
some  cases  even  by  a  farmer  or  group  of  farmers  who  may 
own  the  necessary  teams  and  tools.  Even  in  these  cases, 
however,  large  contracting  firms  are  usually  invited  to  submit 
bids  for  any  or  all  of  the  units.  In  some  cases  the  farmers 
because  of  their  location  and  other  facilities  are  able  to  un- 
derbid the  outside  contractor;  in  other  cases  where  the  work 
is  especially  heavy,  the  professional  builder  has  the  advan- 
tage. 

Prior  to  the  receipt  of  bids,  the  widest  possible  publicity 
is  sought.  Advertising  is  placed  in  local  papers  and  in  cur- 
rent periodicals  generally  seen  by  contractors,  posters  are 
displayed  in  prominent  places  and  letters  are  sent  to  all  the 
contractors  whose  addresses  can  be  obtained  and  who  are 
likely  to  be  interested  in  the  work.  In  addition,  every  possible 
effort  is  made  to  discover  in  advance  the  conditions  which 
will  be  met  on  the  work  and  thus  make  it  easier  for  the 
bidders  to  form  a  correct  judgment  as  to  the  cost  of  the  work 
to  be  performed.  In  cases  where  the  prospective  work  was 
located  at  points  difficult  of  access,  wagon  roads  have  been 
built  so  that  the  contractor  could  visit  the  locality  and  could 
ascertain  very  closely  the  cost  of  bringing  in  men  and  mate- 
rial, and  in  all  cases  the  contractor  has  been  required  to  make 
such  visit  before  submitting  his  bid.  Ground  of  doubtful 
quality  has  been  opened  and  rock  quarried  to  exhibit  the 
quality  of  the  material  to  be  handled. 

Sealed  bids  are  received  and  opened  publicly  at  the  time 


54          THE  U.  S.  RECLAMATION  SERVICE 

and  place  named  in  the  advertisements.  Suitable  officers 
are  designated  to  form  a  board  which  opens  the  bids  in  the 
presence  of  bidders  and  others  interested.  The  bids,  which 
are  usually  called  for  on  a  unit  basis,  are  then  studied,  and 
a  recommendation  made  as  to  the  award  of  the  bid  to  the 
best  and  usually  the  lowest  bidder.  Where  all  bids  are  recom- 
mended for  rejection,  or  where  the  lowest  bid  is  not  accepted, 
the  reasons  are  required  to  be  given,  and  evidence  presented 
in  such  form  as  to  meet  the  criticism  of  rejected  bidders  or 
other  persons.  Especially  in  the  early  stages  of  the  work, 
great  care  was  necessary  in  the  award  of  contracts  as  there 
were -a  number  of  firms  formed  for  the  express  purpose  of 
bidding  on  reclamation  work,  many  of  which  were  composed 
of  persons  without  experience  in  construction,  who  were  ob- 
sessed with  the  idea  that  all  government  contracts  were  profit- 
able. 

All  of  the  contracts  provide  that  in  case  of  failure  to  exe- 
cute the  work  properly  and  within  the  required  time,  the  United 
States  can  declare  the  contract  forfeited,  take  over  the  un- 
finished work,  together  with  the  plant  and  equipment,  and 
finish  the  work  at  the  cost  of  the  contractor.  Occasionally, 
it  is  found  necessary  to  contract  for  the  performance  of 
certain  work  without  competitive  bidding.  This  is  done 
only  on  the  express  authorization  of  the  Secretary  of  the  In- 
terior. 

Work  done  by  contractors  is  regularly  inspected  by  the  en- 
gineers of  the  Service.  The  problem  of  inspection  of  con- 
tract work  was  discussed  by  the  Director  of  the  Service  in 
1910  before  the  Committee  on  Arid  Lands.  He  stated: 

When  the  contracts  are  awarded  and  work  begun  the  next 
matter  of  prime  importance  is  to  secure  good  inspection  and 
to  hold  the  contractor  to  the  faithful  performance  of  the  terms 
of  the  contract.  That  is  where  the  main  difficulty  of  the  con- 
tract lies,  in  getting  good  inspectors  who  will  exercise  com- 
mon sense  and  will  hold  the  contractor  to  full  performance 
of  what  he  agreed  to  do.  Many  contractors  apparently  have 


ACTIVITIES  55 

an  idea  that  in  working  for  the  government  they  should  not 
be  held  to  the  exact  letter  and  spirit  of  the  specifications,  but 
that  they  may  do  what  they  consider  a  good  job.  There  is  no 
discretion  in  such  matters,  and  a  contract  once  signed,  it  is  our 
business  to  see  that  it  is  fully  carried  out. 

Construction  by  the  Service.  The  instances  in  which  the 
Service  itself  carries  on  the  construction  work  have  already 
been  described. 

In  carrying  on  work  by  government  forces  it  has  been  found 
advisable  to  follow  as  nearly  as  possible  the  methods  em- 
ployed in  connection  with  contract  work.  Plans  and  specifi- 
cations are  prepared.  An  engineer  of  the  Service  is  put  in 
charge  of  the  work,  and  another  is  detailed  to  act  independ- 
ently as  inspector.  The  engineer  in  charge  is  required  to  keep 
records  similar  to  those  kept  by  contractors,  and  from  these 
the  supervising  engineer  is  able  to  ascertain  whether  the  cost 
is  being  kept  within  that  at  which  bids  were  or  might  have 
been  received. 

In  connection  with  the  direct  carrying  on  of  construction 
work  by  the  Service,  mention  should  be  made  of  the  operation 
by  the  Service  of  plants  at  several  of  its  projects  for  the 
manufacture  of  the  cement  used  in  construction.  Of  these 
the  largest  was  the  cement  plant  operated  at  Roosevelt,  Ari- 
zona, in  the  construction  of  the  Roosevelt  dam  on  the  Salt 
River  Project.  The  total  cost  of  construction  and  operation 
of  this  plant  was  over  a  million  dollars,  and  a  saving  of 
approximately  $600,000  over  the  lowest  cost  for  delivery  from 
outside  sources  was  effected. 

Sand  cement  plants  were  also  operated  on  the  Elephant 
Butte,  Truckee-Carson,  and  Boise  Projects.  The  total  net 
saving  to  the  Service  by  the  operation  of  these  three  plants 
is  computed  at  approximately  $562,000. 

Similarly,  several  small  coal  mines  have  been  opened  and 
operated  to  supply  fuel  for  construction  purposes  under  con- 
ditions where  there  happened  to  be  outcrops  of  coal  near 
localities  where  work  was  going  on  and  where  it  was  cheaper 


56          THE  U.  S.  RECLAMATION  SERVICE 

to  procure  fuel  in  this  way  than  to  haul  it  from  some  distant 
railroad  point.  The  largest  undertaking,  however,  is  that  of 
the  permanent  mine  opened  and  operated  in  connection  with 
the  Williston  Project  in  North  Dakota. 

Activities  Incidental  to  Construction.  In  connection  with 
some  construction  jobs,  whether  carried  on  by  contract  or 
by  government  forces,  the  Service  finds  it  desirable  to  oper- 
ate various  types  of  enterprise  and  services  for  the  benefit 
of  the  men  employed  in  construction.  Thus  it  has  in  the  past 
operated  messes,  hospitals,  mercantile  stores  and  recreational 
facilities. 

Because  the  work  of  the  Reclamation  Service  is  situated  in 
remote  places  in  the  western  part  of  the  United  States,  it  is 
necessary  to  operate  messes  at  which  to  supply  the  men  with 
wholesome  food.  These  messes  are  operated  on  practically 
a  cost  basis,  the  men  are  furnished  three  meals  a  day  at 
the  rate  of  j2£jcents  a  meal  or  75jcenis_a__day.  When  more 
than  fifty  men  eat  at  the  messes,  a  steward  is  placed  in  charge, 
as  a  rule,  and  is  held  responsible  for  their  management.  The 
operation  of  messes  netted  the  Reclamation  Service  $103,- 
209.11  to  June  30,  1917. 

During  the  construction  work  on  a  project  where  the  em- 
ployees, largely  transient  laborers,  are  quartered  in  a  central 
camp  remote  from  towns,  it  is  usually  necessary  to  make 
provision  not  only  for  camp  sanitation  but  also  for  surgical 
or  hospital  facilities.  To  meet  these  needs,  the  Reclamation 
Service  establishes  a  hospital  and  employs  a  physician  and 
nurses.  The  charge  for  this  service  is  $i  to  $1.50  a  month 
and  is  deducted  from  the  men's  pay  and  credited  to  the 
hospital  fund.  The  hospital  operations  netted  the  Reclama- 
tion Service  $26,836.33  to  June  30,  1917. 

Mercantile  stores  are  established  by  the  Reclamation  Serv- 
ice in  central  camps  for  the  purpose  of  expediting  the  work 
of  the  Service,  but  primarily  to  supply  necessaries  so  that  the 
laborers  will  not  be  tempted  to  leave  the  work  and  go  to  the 
nearest  town  for  the  purchase  of  supplies  regularly  needed 


ACTIVITIES  57 

by  them.    These  operations  netted  the  Service  $338,541.00  to 
June  30,  1917. 

The  operation  of  amusement  enterprises  was  forced  upon 
the  Service  because  of  the  difficulty  of  keeping  competent 
men  on  the  works,  especially  where  these  were  located  at  re- 
mote points.  Under  the  eight  hour  provision  of  the  reclama- 
tion law  no  man  may  be  allowed  to  work  more  than  eight 
hours  in  one  day.  In  a  camp  out  on  the  desert  or  among 
mountains  miles  from  other  inhabited  localities  the  opportuni- 
ties for  effectively  spending  the  resultant  leisure  hours  are 
limited.  Under  these  conditions  the  most  strenuous  efforts 
are  needed  to  keep  alcoholic  liquors  out  of  camp  and  to  main- 
tain orderly  communities.  Some  outlet  for  energy  must  be 
provided  and  experience  has  shown  in  the  case  of  contractors 
camps  similarly  situated  that  it  is  a  matter  of  economy  to 
provi<|*  harmless  amusements  such  as  those  advocated  by  the 
industrial  department  of  the  Y.  M.  C.  A.  Accordingly,  ar- 
rangements have  been  made  with  the  latter  to  provide  skilled 
men  to  organize  these  activities.  The  small  expense  incurred 
is  amply  justified  because  of  the  demonstrated  fact  that  in  the 
end  higher  efficiency  and  economy  are  produced  by  keeping 
on  the  job  the  skilled  men  and  those  who  have  been  trained 
to  work  together  in  well  organized  gangs.  The  amusement 
provided  has  sometimes  taken  the  form  of  moving  picture 
shows,  accompanied  by  the  sale  of  cold  soft  drinks  in  the  hotter 
countries  or  by  pastry  and  confectionery  in  the  northern  lati- 
tudes. Closely  associated  with  these  have  been  other  facilities 
intended  for  the  families  of  the  workmen ;  for  example,  school 
rooms  have  been  provided,  the  teacher  being  employed  usu- 
ally by  the  county  school  board. 

Opening  of  Projects.  Upon  the  completion  of  the  con- 
struction of  the  project  or  of  a  self-sufficient  unit  of  the  proj- 
ect, the  Service  proceeds  to  test  and  season  the  works  and 
to  reduce  any  seepage  which  may  be  disclosed.  When  satis- 
factory conditions  are  obtained,  the  delivery  of  the  water  to 


58          THE  U.  S.  RECLAMATION  SERVICE 

the  irrigable  lands  is  begun  and  gradually  expanded  until  it 
reaches  a  point  where  the  project  or  unit  is  thought  to  be 
ready  for  formal  opening. 

The  charges  made  for  the  use  of  water  during  this  transi- 
tion period  to  those  already  owning  land  within  the  project 
are  known  as  "rental"  charges,  being  thus  distinguished  from 
the  regular  "operation  and  maintenance"  charges,  which  are 
imposed  when  the  project  is  formally  opened  by  public  no- 
tice. "Rental  charges"  early  arose  out  of  the  necessities  of 
the  case  and  were  imposed  without  specific  legislative  au- 
thorization, but  by  the  act  of  August  13,  1914  (section  n), 
the  Service  was  expressly  empowered  to  impose  such  charges. 

The  formal  opening  of  the  project  or  unit  is  announced  by 
public  notice  issued  by  the  Secretary  of  the  Interior.  By  the 
provisions  of  the  Reclamation  Act  (section  4,  as  modified  by 
section  5  of  the  act  of  June  25,  1910),  this  public  notice  is 
required  to  state 

1.  The  lands  to  be  irrigated. 

2.  The  date  when  water  is  to  be  applied. 

3.  The  limit  of  area  per  entry. 

4.  The  charges  per  acre  to  be  made. 

5.  The  number  and  times  of  installments  in  which  pay- 

ment is  to  be  made. 

By  "limit  of  area  per  entry"  is  meant  the  limit  of  area 
which  will  be  permitted  to  be  taken  up  by  a  single  individual 
under  the  homestead  laws  on  the  public  lands  embraced  within 
a  reclamation  project.  The  determination  of  this  limit  is 
made  by  the  Secretary  of  the  Interior,  subject  only  to  the 
restriction  that  it  shall  not  be  less  than  10  1  nor  more  than 
1 60  acres.  Within  these  limits  the  Secretary  of  the  Interior 
is  empowered  to  fix  the  "limit  of  area  per  entry,  which  limit 
shall  represent  the  acreage  which,  in  the  opinion  of  the  Sec- 
retary, may  be  reasonably  required  for  the  support  of  a  family 
upon  the  lands  in  question."  Under  this  authority  each  40 

1  In  the  original  act  this  lower  limit  was  40  acres ;  the  present  pro- 
vision was  enacted  in  1906  (act  of  June  27,  1906,  Section  i). 


ACTIVITIES  59 

acre  tract  is  examined  and  the  limit  set  for  that  particular 
tract  according  to  its  fertility  and  irrigability.  In  the  case 
of  privately  owned  lands  the  limits  of  80  acres  or  160  acres 
are  usually  allowed. 

On  projects  or  units  begun  since  the  act  of  June  25,  1910, 
the  public  lands  within  a  project  become  open  to  entry  only 
upon  the  issuance  of  public  notice  by  the  Secretary,  after  the 
water  supply  system  is  for  practical  purposes  already  in  op- 
eration. On  projects  begun  prior  to  that  time,  however,  under 
the  provisions  of  the  original  Reclamation  Act,  the  public 
lands  within  a  project,  not  deemed  to  be  necessary  for  the 
irrigation  works,  remained  open  to  homestead  entry  from  the 
very  beginning  of  the  project.  As  a  result,  frequently  much 
of  this  land  was  entered  previous  to  the  issuance  of  public 
notice.  Upon  such  notice,  announcing  the  limit  of  area  per 
entry,  it  became  necessary  generally  for  the  entryman  to  re- 
duce the  size  of  his  entry  to  conform  to  the  limit  fixed. 

The  limits  of  area  per  entry,  which  have  been  fixed  by  the 
Secretary  of  the  Interior,  vary  from  10  acres  in  Arizona  and 
California  to  160  acres  in  Montana  or  other  cold  areas,  the 
average  being  about  60  acres.  The  disposal  of  the  public 
lands  within  an  irrigation  project  remains  throughout  under 
the  control  of  the  General  Land  Office,  and  it  is  the  duty  of 
that  bureau  to  enforce  the  limit  of  area  per  entry  imposed  by 
the  Secretary. 

Fiscal  Management  of  Projects.  The  General  Land  Of- 
fice administers  the  disposal  of  the  public  lands  within  recla- 
mation projects,  but  the  Reclamation  Service  itself  collects 
the  charges  imposed  upon  such  lands  for  the  construction  of 
the  irrigation  works  and  for  the  maintenance  and  operation 
of  the  works. 

By  the  original  act,  construction  charges  were  required  to 
be  paid  to  the  receiver  of  the  local  land  office  of  the  district 
in  which  the  land  was  situated.  All  operation  and  mainte- 
nance charges  were,  however,  paid  to  the  project  manager  or 


60          THE  U.  S.  RECLAMATION  SERVICE 

his  representative.  By  act  of  August  12,  1912,  the  Secretary 
of  the  Interior  was  authorized  to  appoint  fiscal  agents  on  the 
several  projects  to  receive  all  payments,  and  this  was  promptly 
done. 

Payment  of  Construction  Charges.  The  Reclamation  Act 
provides  that  the  "charges  which  shall  be  made  per  acre  upon 
the  land  entries,  and  upon  the  lands  in  private  ownership 
which  may  be  irrigated  by  the  waters  of  the  said  irrigation 
project  .  .  .  shall  be  determined  with  a  view  to  returning 
to  the  reclamation  fund  the  estimated  cost  of  the  construc- 
tion of  the  project." 

The  construction  charges  per  acre  upon  the  projects  com- 
pleted to  date  by  the  Service  vary  from  $22  to  $93.  Large 
variations  are  in  some  cases  found  between  different  portions 
of  the  same  project,  as  in  the  case  of  the  Minidoka  project 
in  Idaho  where  the  charges  on  the  several  areas  as  devel- 
oped in  succession  were  $22,  $30,  $49,  $56.50  and  $57.50,  the 
pioneers  or  those  first  coming  and  taking  up  the  heavier  bur- 
den of  development  paying  less  than  those  who  arrived  later 
after  the  roads,  railroads,  towns,  and  schools  had  been  estab- 
lished. 

-  Prior  to  the  passage  of  the  Reclamation  Extension  Act  of 
August  13,  1914,  the  law  required  repayments  in  ten  annual 
installments.  By  that  act,  the  period  of  repayment  has  been 
extended  to  twenty  years.  Moreover,  after  an  initial  payment 
of  5  per  cent,  there  is  a  five  year  period  during  which  no  pay- 
ments are  to  be  made;  for  five  years  thereafter  the  annual 
installment  required  is  but  5  per  cent,  and  for  the  remaining 
ten  years  it  is  7  per  cent.  The  purpose  of  this  plan  is  of  course 
to  enable  the  settler  in  the  earlier  years  to  use  all  of  his  capital 
in  cultivating  his  lands  to  bring  about  maximum  production. 

The  requirement  of  an  initial  payment  is  intended  as  a 
test  of  the  financial  ability  of  the  prospective  entryman,  and 
also  of  his  intention  actually  to  work  the  land;  for  it  has 
been  found  by  experience  that  where  no  advance  charge  was 
required,  large  numbers  of  individuals  without  experience  or 


ACTIVITIES  61 

money  made  entries  of  irrigable  lands  merely  for  the  purpose 
of  selling  relinquishments,  often  holding  the  land  out  of  use 
for  a  considerable  period.  It  was  expected,  moreover,  that 
by  reason  of  his  advance  payment  the  entryman  would  acquire 
a  financial  interest  such  as  would  insure  his  continued  good 
faith  and  increase  the  probability  that  he  would  utilize  the 
land. 

It  should  be  noted  that  the  Reclamation  Extension  Act, 
in  addition  to  thus  revising  the  plan  of  repayments  as  to  lands 
subsequently  subjected  to  the  Reclamation  Act,  extended  re- 
lief to  the  settlers  on  projects  already  initiated,  many  of  whom 
had  experienced  difficulty  in  meeting  the  charges,  by  providing 
that  all  balances  of  construction  charges  still  unpaid  should 
be  paid  in  twenty  annual  installments,  the  first  four  of  2  per 
cent  each,  the  next  two,  4  per  cent,  and  the  remaining  four- 
teen, 6  per  cent. 

Operation  and  maintenance  charges,  although  not  men- 
tioned in  the  original  Reclamation  Act,  have  been  imposed 
from  the  very  beginning  of  operation  under  the  act.  By  act 
of  August  13,  1914  (sec.  5),  the  imposition  of  such  charges 
was  specifically  authorized,  and  it  was  further  provided  that 
"such  charge  shall  be  made  for  each  acre- foot  of  water  de- 
livered; but  each  acre  of  irrigable  land,  whether  irrigated 
or  not,  shall  be  charged  with  a  minimum  operation  and 
maintenance  charge  based  upon  the  charge  for  delivery  of  not 
less  than  one  acre-foot  of  water." 

Operation  and  maintenance  charges  average  about  $i  per 
acre  or  when  computed  on  the  basis  of  water  used  they  run 
from  50  cents  to  75  cents  per  acre-foot,  the  number  of  acre- 
feet  required  for  cultivation  varying  of  course  on  the  several 
projects  and  from  season  to  season.  These  charges  are  ap- 
plied equally  to  public  lands  entered  under  the  terms  of  the 
Reclamation  Act,  and  to  lands  within  the  project  already  in 
private  ownership. 

The  repayment  of  construction  charges  is  secured,  as  re- 
spects the  public  lands  entered  after  the  commencement  of 


62          THE  U.  S.  RECLAMATION  SERVICE 

the  project,  by  the  provision  that  "a  failure  to  make  any  two 
payments  when  due  shall  render  the  entry  subject  to  cancella- 
tion, with  the  forfeiture  of  all  rights  under  this  Act,  as  well 
as  of  all  moneys  already  paid  thereon."  As  to  private  lands 
embraced  in  an  irrigation  project,  security  is  obtained  by  the 
mortgage  of  the  private  water  users'  association,  to  which 
reference  has  already  been  made. 

Under  authority  conferred  by  the  act  of  February  21,  1911, 
surplus  water  may  be  sold  under  contract  to  state  or  private 
irrigation  projects.  The  act  provides  that  "in  fixing  the 
charges  under  any  such  contract  for  impounding,  storing,  or 
carrying  water  for  any  irrigation  system,  .  .  .  the  Secretary 
shall  take  into  consideration  the  cost  of  construction  and 
maintenance  of  the  reservoir  by  which  such  water  is  to  be 
impounded  or  stored,  and  the  canal  by  which  it  is  to  be 
carried,  and. such  charges  shall  be  just  and  equitable  as  to 
water  users  under  the  Government  project."  The  sale  of 
surplus  water  may  be  made  under  the  act  only  "for  the  pur- 
pose of  distribution  to  individual  water  users  by  the  party 
with  whom  the  contract  is  made;"  and  it  further  provides 
that  the  charge  for  the  use  of  water  made  by  such  party  shall 
not  be  "in  excess  of  the  charge  paid  to  the  United  States  ex- 
cept to  such  an  extent  as  may  reasonably  be  necessary  to  cover 
cost  of  carriage  and  delivery  of  such  water  through  their 
works." 

Operation  of  Works.  On  the  engineering  side  the  prob- 
lem of  operating  irrigation  works  consists  in  so  regulating 
the  flow  of  water  as  to  deliver  to  the  highest  point  to  be  irri- 
gated, at  the  proper  season,  a  supply  of  water  adequate  to  the 
needs  of  the  crop.  In  addition,  on  the  projects  of  the  Recla- 
mation Service  it  is  necessary  to  deliver  to  each  person  having 
a  right  to  water  a  definite  amount.  It,  therefore,  becomes 
necessary  to  have  measuring  devices  of  some  kind  in  all  dis- 
tributaries and  in  all  farm  turnouts. 

As  stated  by  the  Director  of  the  Reclamation  Service  in 


ACTIVITIES  63 

his  annual  report  for  1914,  no  well  recognized  standard  of 
practice  has  yet  been  developed  in  connection  with  the  prob- 
lems of  operation  and  maintenance.  It  is  of  great  importance, 
not  merely  for  the  benefit  of  the  government  reclamation 
projects  but  for  that  of  other  large  systems  built  by  private 
capital,  that  good  standards  be  established.  An  important 
step  toward  such  systematization  of  the  management  has  been 
taken  by  the  Reclamation  Service  in  the  issuance  of  what  is 
known  as  the  Use  Book  or  Manual  of  Operation  and  Main- 
tenance, defining  such  practices  as  are  now  generally  accepted. 

To  secure  efficient  operation  it  has  been  found  necessary 
to  install  records  of  delivery  of  water  and  systems  of  cost 
keeping  similar  to  those  maintained  during  construction.  Ac- 
curate statistics  are  also  kept  to  determine  the  cost  per  acre  of 
land  actually  irrigated,  per  acre  of  land  to  which  the  irriga- 
tion system  is  ready  to  supply  water,  and  per  acre-foot  of 
water  stored,  carried,  and  distributed.  As  the  effectiveness 
of  different  designs  or  types  of  structures  and  ditches  is  de- 
termined largely  by  operation  and  maintenance  costs,  these 
cost-records  are  of  great  value  in  the  design  of  future  works. 

Record  is  kept  also  of  the  amount  of  water  delivered  to 
each  farm  and  its  relation  to  crop  production,  thus  facilitat- 
ing the  beneficial  operation  of  the  works. 

In  the  operation  of  irrigation  works,  it  was  at  first  assumed 
that  if  the  government  employees  took  charge  of  the  reser- 
voirs and  main  line  canals  the  irrigators  would  attend  to  the 
distribution  works  themselves  and  thus  reduce  the  number  of 
paid  employees  and  consequently  the  annual  cost,  in  this  re- 
spect following  the  custom  of  the  pioneer  private  canals.  It 
was  found,  however,  that  with  the  heterogeneous  population 
brought  in  from  all  parts  of  the  country  with  differing  nation- 
ality, religion,  and  experience,  it  was  impracticable  at  first  to 
secure  unity  of  action  and  fairness  of  distribution  of  water 
among  the  smaller  groups.  For  example,  on  a  long  sandy 
lateral  where  considerable  care  is  necessary  in  order  to  force 
water  to  flow  down  to  the  farms  at  the  lower  end,  the  ma- 


64          THE  U.  S.  RECLAMATION  SERVICE 

jority  of  the  land  owners  living  near  the  upper  end  would 
not  exert  themselves  or  limit  their  supply  in  favor  of  their 
neighbors  living  miles  away  at  the  far  end,  who,  in  turn, 
complained  that  they  did  not  receive  water  at  the  right  time 
or  in  sufficient  amount  and  consequently  could  not  make  pay- 
ment. Thus,  to  insure  the  repayment  of  the  charges,  if  for  no 
other  reason,  the  Reclamation  Service  was  forced  to  gradu- 
ally take  over  the  operations  even  of  the  smaller  laterals  and 
see  to  it  that  water  was  delivered  to  each  and  every  farm 
instead  of  to  groups  of  farmers. 

As  indicated  in  the  preceding  chapter,  on  certain  of  the 
projects  pumping  installations  are  necessary  to  insure  an  ade- 
quate supply  of  water,  and  the  operation  of  these  pumps  and 
of  the  hydro-electric  plants,  which  generate  the  power  for  their 
operation,  constitutes  one  of  the  major  activities  of  the  Serv- 
ice. The  operating  methods  employed  differ  in  no  essential 
respect  from  those  followed  in  commercial  practice. 

As  already  stated,  in  connection  with  the  Williston  Project 
in  North  Dakota  a  mine  is  owned  and  operated  by  the  Service 
for  supplying  the  coal  used  in  the  generating  plant. 

Transfer  to  Water  Users'  Association.  As  has  been 
noted,  provision  was  made  in  the  original  Reclamation  Act 
for  the  eventual  operation  by  the  irrigators  themselves  of 
the  irrigation  works  constructed  under  the  act,  and  the  Sec- 
retary of  the  Interior  was  authorized  to  transfer  the  opera- 
tion of  the  works  to  "the  owners  of  the  land  irrigated  .  .  . 
under  such  form  of  organization  and  under  such  rules  and 
regulations  as  may  be  acceptable  to  the  Secretary  of  the  Inte- 
rior." The  act  provided,  however,  that  such  transfer  might 
be  made  only  after  the  "payments  required  by  this  act  are  made 
for  the  major  portion  of  the  lands  irrigated  from  the  waters 
of  any  of  the  works."  With  the  passage  of  the  Reclamation 
Extension  Act,  however,  which  extended  the  time  for  payment 
of  construction  charges  from  ten  to  twenty  years,  it  was  pro- 
vided that  the  transfer  to  a  water  users'  association  might  be 


ACTIVITIES  65 

made  in  the  discretion  of  the  Secretary  of  the  Interior  "when- 
ever any  legally  organized  water  users'  association  or  irriga- 
tion district  shall  so  request." 

The  original  act  contemplated  the  transfer  to  the  water  users 
only  of  the  canals,  and  provision  was  made  for  the  perma- 
nent operation  of  the  reservoirs  by  the  Reclamation  Service, 
it  being  provided  that  "the  title  to  and  the  management  and 
operation  of  the  reservoirs  and  the  works  necessary  for  their 
protection  and  operation  shall  remain  in  the  government  until 
otherwise  provided  by  Congress."  The  same  section  of  the 
Reclamation  Extension  Act  which  provided  that  the  transfer 
to  water  users  might  be  made  at  any  time  in  the  discretion 
of  the  Secretary,  also  removed  the  limitation  on  the  transfer 
of  reservoirs  by  providing  that  the  Secretary  might  transfer 
to  a  "water  users'  association  or  irrigation  district  the  care, 
operation,  and  maintenance  of  all  or  any  part  of  the  project 
works,  subject  to  such  rules  and  regulations  as  he  may  pre- 
scribe." 

Rules  for  the  transfer  of  works  to  water  users'  associa- 
tions have  been  prescribed  by  the  Secretary  of  the  Interior. 
The  substance  of  these  rules  is  contained  in  the  following  sec- 
tions : 

Action  under  this  provision  of  the  law  will  be  taken  by 
means  of  a  written  contract  with  the  water-users'  association 
or  irrigation  district,  as  the  case  may  be. 

Each  such  organization  desiring  the  transfer  of  the  care, 
operation,  and  maintenance  of  the  project,  or  any  part  there- 
of, shall  make  application  therefor  to  the  Secretary  of  the  In- 
terior through  the  Director  of  the  Reclamation  Service,  who 
will  submit  the  same  to  the  Reclamation  Commission  for 
recommendation  thereon  to  the  Secretary.  Such  application 
shall  be  based  upon  a  certified  copy  of  resolution  of  the  gov- 
erning board  of  the  organization  presenting  the  same,  request- 
ing the  transfer,  and  shall  be  accompanied  by  a  statement 
showing  that  the  laws  of  the  State  and  the  charter  powers 
of  the  organization  authorize  the  acceptance  of  the  duties 
resulting  from  such  transfer.  The  statement  shall  contain 
appropriate  reference  to  statute  provisions,  regulations  and 


66          THE  U.  S.  RECLAMATION  SERVICE 

charter  powers  in  relation  thereto.  In  any  case  the  applica- 
tion may  be  approved  and  contract  authorized  conditional  upon 
further  satisfactory  showing  being  made  that  the  taking  over 
of  the  operation  and  maintenance  by  the  organization  has  been 
submitted  to  all  the  water-users  affected  and  approved  by  a 
majority  vote  of  all  voting,  provided  at  least  three-fifths  (3/5) 
of  all  water-users  affected  vote,  otherwise  by  a  majority  of 
all  water-users  affected. 

Except  where  the  organization  is  an  irrigation  district  a 
good  and  sufficient  bond  shall  be  given  to  the  United  States 
for  the  faithful  performance  of  all  duties  required  by  law 
under  the  contract.  Such  bond  shall  be  subject  to  approval 
by  the  Secretary  of  the  Interior. 

Reference  has  already  been  made  to  the  necessity  for  im- 
partial control  of  the  irrigation  works  to  insure  an  equitable 
distribution  of  the  water  among  the  several  users,  and  to  the 
difficulty  that  has  been  found  in  achieving  that  type  of  control 
under  any  form  of  local  management.  There  has  usually 
been  manifested  a  tendency  for  one  man  of  influence  to  obtain 
an  undue  share  of  water  or  for  the  majority  to  neglect  the 
rights  of  the  minority  in  the  distribution  of  the  supply. 

For  this  reason  the  successful  operation  of  any  plan  of 
local  control  involves  an  extended  process  of  education  of  the 
members  of  the  prospective  association.  The  Reclamation 
Service  has,  therefore,  encouraged  the  development  of  water 
users'  associations  on  projects  as  soon  as  possible  after  their 
opening.  Each  owner  of  irrigable  land,  by  virtue  of  his  own- 
ership, becomes  a  member  of  the  water  users'  association  and, 
as  such,  is  urged  to  become  interested  in  all  that  concerns  the 
future  of  the  project.  As  far  as  practicable  these  men  are 
kept  informed  of  general  conditions  through  bulletins  and 
through  the  local  press,  with  the  idea  of  gradually  bringing 
them  to  the  point  where  they  will  be  able  to  work  together  as 
a  unit  and  to  take  control  of  the  distribution  system. 

On  many  of  the  projects  there  has  been  impatience  on  the 
part  of  water  users  to  obtain  control  of  the  works  because  of 
a  natural  belief  that  they  could  operate  them  more  economical- 


ACTIVITIES  67 

ly  and  satisfactorily.  At  the  same  time  the  officials  of  the 
Reclamation  Service  have  been  equally  desirous  of  turning 
over  the  rather  troublesome  and  vexatious  work  of  water 
control  to  responsible  men  selected  by  the  water  users.  With 
the  approach  of  the  time  when  the  Service  is  ready  to  turn 
over  the  works  to  local  control,  however,  reluctance  on  the 
part  of  the  water  users  to  assume  such  control  is  encountered. 
Up  to  the  present  time  two  water  users'  associations,  on  the 
Salt  River  Project  in  Arizona,  and  on  the  Minidoka  Project 
in  Idaho,  have  taken  over  the  management  of  the  works  from 
the  Reclamation  Service.  In  the  case  of  the  Minidoka  Proj- 
ect the  form  of  organization  adopted  has  been  that  of  an  irri- 
gation district  formed  under  state  law. 

Water  users'  associations  may  also  enter  into  contract  and 
be  appointed  special  fiscal  agents  of  the  United  States  to  col- 
lect the  construction  and  operation  and  maintenance  charges 
and  all  penalties  in  accordance  with  section  7  of  the  act  of 
August  13,  1914.  It  is  provided,  however,  "that  no  water 
right  applicant  or  entryman  shall  be  entitled  to  credit  for  any 
payment  thus  made  until  the  same  shall  have  been  paid  over 
to  an  officer  designated  by  the  Secretary  of  the  Interior  to 
receive  the  same." 

Dissemination  of  Information  to  Water  Users.  From 
the  beginning  of  its  operations  the  Reclamation  Service  has 
conceived  it  to  be  its  duty  to  assist  the  water  users  on  its  proj- 
ects in  every  way  practicable.  The  development  of  its  activi- 
ties in  this  direction  has  been  the  natural  outcome  of  its  duty 
of  determining  the  limit  of  area  per  entry  on  the  several 
projects  and  units.  This  has  necessitated  the  collation  of  a 
great  deal  of  valuable  data  relative  to  the  local  soil,  crop,  and 
market  conditions.  In  addition,  in  connection  with  the  rec- 
ords kept  of  the  delivery  of  water  on  the  several  projects,  to 
which  reference  has  already  been  made,  much  useful  informa- 
tion is  obtained.  The  project  manager,  moreover,  is  gener- 
ally chosen  from  among  the  engineers  who  were  engaged  in 


68          THE  U.  S.  RECLAMATION  SERVICE 

the  construction  of  the  project  works  and  is,  therefore,  in 
possession  of  detailed  information  regarding  local  conditions. 
It  has  thus  resulted  that  the  water  users  on  the  government 
projects  have  come  to  depend  very  generally  upon  the  judg- 
ment of  the  project  managers  in  a  great  variety  of  matters 
and  so  to  require  an  assistance  and  guidance  which,  although 
not  contemplated  in  the  law,  are  found  to  be  essential  to  ulti- 
mate success. 

In  this  work  the  project  manager  was  assisted  from  time 
to  time  by  experts  detailed  or  transferred  from  the  Depart- 
ment of  Agriculture,  and  during  the  years  immediately  follow- 
ing the  passage  of  the  Reclamation  Act,  in  1902,  it  was  as- 
sumed and  so  stated  in  official  publications  that  the  Depart- 
ment of  Agriculture  would  take  a  larger  and  larger  share  in 
furnishing  advice  with  regard  to  cultivation  of  crops  and  quan- 
tity of  water  to  be  used.  Experiment  stations  were  estab- 
lished on  many  of  the  projects  and  demonstration  farms  start- 
ed, but  it  was  found  that  the  problems  were  so  complicated 
that  scientifically  accurate  data  were  not  available  in  time  to  be 
of  immediate  service  to  the  early  settlers.  As  a  result,  it  not 
infrequently  happened  that  through  some  accident  or  undiscov- 
ered cause  the  crops  on  the  demonstration  farms  were  not 
such  as  to  afford  encouragement.  Occasionally,  indeed,  a  set- 
tler without  experience  and  resources  would  obtain  better  re- 
sults than  did  the  expert  with  all  facilities  apparently  at  his 
command.  Because  of  these  conditions  the  demonstration 
farms  were  generally  discontinued.  In  1913  the  Secretary 
of  the  Interior  created  the  position  of  Supervisor  of  Irrigation 
and  designated  an  experienced  irrigator  to  fill  the  position, 
with  orders  to  "advise  and  counsel  with  water  users  as  to  the 
best  practice  of  irrigating  and  cultivating  irrigated  lands,  the 
development  of  markets,  and  all  questions  affecting  the  welfare 
of  settlers  and  water  users." 

The  Service  also  publishes  a  monthly  bulletin  known  as  the 
Reclamation  Record,  which  is  devoted  to  the  interests  of  irri- 
gators,  and  which  is  distributed  free  of  cost  to  all  water  users 


ACTIVITIES  69 

on  its  projects.  Begun  in  1905  as  hectographed  sheets  and 
distributed  as  a  means  of  keeping  the  field  employees  of  the 
Service  informed  of  its  operations,  the  Record,  first  printed 
in  1909,  has  had  a  steady  growth  in  size,  circulation  and 
value.  At  present  each  issue  usually  occupies  forty-eight  pages 
and  has  a  circulation  of  about  17,000. 


CHAPTER  III 

ORGANIZATION 

The  plan  of  organization  of  the  Reclamation  Service  is 
similar  to  that  of  the  more  highly  developed  construction 
companies.  In  working  out  the  details  preliminary  to  adopt- 
ing this  plan,  studies  were  made  of  many  existing  corpora- 
tions, and  advice  was  had  from  experts  and  chartered  ac- 
countants in  public  and  private  employment.  The  peculiar 
requirements  of  existing  law  and  the  limitations  of  govern- 
mental regulations  necessitated  some  departure  from  ordinary 
business  procedure,  and  the  wide  distribution  of  the  field 
work,  combined  with  seasonal  variations  and  accidents  of 
drought  and  flood,  necessitated  provision  for  a  greater  elas- 
ticity than  is  ordinarily  found  in  government  organizations. 

The  size  of  the  force  employed  by  the  Service  has  varied 
widely  in  the  several  stages  of  its  operations.  The  first  year 
of  its  existence  was  consumed  principally  in  planning  work, 
which  required  a  relatively  small  force.  With  the  beginning 
of  design  and  construction,  however,  the  staff  of  the  Service 
increased  rapidly,  mounting  steadily  from  1902,  when  it  num- 
bered but  20,  to  1913,  when  no  less  than  8,000  employees,  in- 
cluding day  laborers,  were  on  its  rolls.  Today,  with  most 
of  the  primary  projects  completed  or  near  completion,  the 
employees  of  the  Service  number  approximately  4,000,  in- 
cluding laborers. 

As  previously  pointed  out,  the  manner  in  which  this  large 
force  of  employees  is  organized  is  left  by  the  Reclamation  Act 
wholly  to  the  discretion  of  the  Secretary  of  the  Interior,  nor 
have  subsequent  enactments  in  any  way  limited  this  discretion. 

70 


ORGANIZATION  71 

The  sundry  civil  appropriation  act  for  the  fiscal  year  1918, 
although  making  specific  allotment  for  each  of  the  projects 
controlled  by  the  Service,  makes  specific  provision  for  the  title 
or  salary  of  no  single  employee. 

In  one  important  respect  the  reclamation  law  and  its  amend- 
ments do  indeed  control  the  organization  of  the  Service. 
They  impose  upon  the  Secretary  himself  the  duty  of  determin- 
ing various  specific  matters,  such  as  the  limit  of  area  per 
entry  on  each  project,  the  construction  charges  to  be  imposed, 
etc.  In  effect,  therefore,  these  provisions  make  the  Secretary 
of  the  Interior  himself  an  integral  part  of  the  Reclamation 
Service,  and  he  is  here  so  considered. 

Aside,  however,  from  the  functions  specifically  imposed  by 
law  upon  the  Secretary,  the  present  organization  of  the  Serv- 
ice is  determined,  as  to  its  main  features,  by  an  order  of  the 
Secretary  of  the  Interior  issued  on  November  22,  1915.  By 
this  order,  four  chief  divisions  of  administration  are  created, 
the  Executive  and  Engineering  Division,  the  Legal  Division, 
the  Fiscal  Division  and  the  office  of  the  Supervisor  of  Irriga- 
tion ;  and  the  heads  of  the  first  three  divisions  are  constituted 
a  board  with  general  supervisory  power. 

In  the  following,  the  functions  exercised  by  the  Secretary 
of  the  Interior  will  first  be  considered.  This  will  be  followed 
by  a  discussion  of  the  Reclamation  Commission  and  then  of 
the  four  administrative  divisions  in  the  order  above  named. 

The  Secretary  of  the  Interior.  The  functions  specifically 
vested  in  the  Secretary  of  the  Interior  by  the  Reclamation  Act 
and  its  amendments  may  be  listed  as  follows : 

i.     Withdrawal  of  lands. 

1.  To  withdraw  from  entry  public  lands  required  for  irri- 
gation works.     To  restore  to  public  entry  any  of  the 
lands  so  withdrawn  when  such  lands  are  no  longer  re- 
quired for  such  works.     (Act  of  June  17,  1902,  Sec. 

3.) 

2.  To  withdraw  from  entry,  except  under  the  homestead 
laws,  any  public  lands  believed  to  be  susceptible  of  irri- 


72  THE  U.  S.  RECLAMATION  SERVICE 

gation  from  said  works.     (Act  of  June  17,  1902,  Sec. 

30 

3.  To  withdraw  from  public  entry  any  lands  needed  for 
town-site  purposes  in  connection  with  irrigation  proj- 
ects, not  exceeding  160  acres  in  each  case.     (Act  of 
April  16,  1906,  Sec.  i.) 

4.  To  withdraw  from  other  disposition  and  reserve  for 
country  parks,  public  playgrounds  and  community  cen- 
ters such  tracts  as  he  may  deem  advisable,  not  exceed- 
ing 20  acres  in  any  one  township  in  each  reclamation 
project.     (Act  of  October  5,  1914,  Sec.  i.) 

2.  To  acquire  rights  necessary  for  construction. 

1.  To  acquire  any  rights  or  property  for  the  United  States 
by  purchase  or  by  condemnation  under  judicial  process. 
(Act  of  June  17,  1902,  Sec.  7.) 

2.  To  make  any  arrangement  or  agreement  in  reference 
to  the  irrigation  of  irrigable  lands  included  in  allot- 
ments made  to  Indians.     (Act  of  April  30,  1908,  35 
Stat.  L.,  85.) 

3.  To  prescribe  conditions  of  settlement  on  projects. 

1.  To  determine  the  limit  of  area  per  entry.      (Act  of 
June  17,  1902,  Sec.  4.) 

2.  To  require  the  reclamation  and   cultivation   of   one- 
fourth  of  the  irrigable  area  within  three  full  irrigation 
seasons,  and  of  one-half  the  irrigable  area  within  five 
full  irrigation   seasons.      (Act  of   August    13,    1914, 
Sec.  8.) 

3.  To  fix  the  construction  charges  to  be  imposed  upon  the 
lands  reclaimed.     (Act  of  June  17,   1902,  Sec.  4.) 

4.  To  fix  the  date  when  operation  and  maintenance  charges 
shall  become  payable.     (Act  of  August  13,  1914,  Sec. 
6.) 

5.  To  designate  the  terms  and  the  maximum  price  at 
which  the  owners  of  private  lands  within  a  project 
shall  dispose  of  lands  in  excess  of  the  area  which  he 
shall  deem  sufficient  for  the  support  of  a  family  upon 
the  lands  in  question.     (Act  of  August  13,  1914,  Sec. 

12.) 

6.  To  subdivide  into  town  lots  any  lands  withdrawn  for 
town-site  purposes,  and  to  direct  the  appraisal  and  sale 
of  such  lots.     (Act  of  April  16,  1906,  Sees,  i  and  2.) 

4.  To  regulate  the  use  of  water. 


ORGANIZATION  73 

1.  To  furnish  water  upon  projects  prior  to  giving  public 
notice  of  the  construction  charge.     (Act  of  August  13, 
1914,  Sec.  n). 

2.  To  make  general  rules  and  regulations  governing  the 
use  of  water.     (Act  of  August  13,  1914,  Sec.  8.) 

3.  To  contract  for  the  delivery  of  water  supply  with  the 
proper  authorities  of  towns  established  on  town  sites 
reserved  on  reclamation  projects,  or  of  other  towns  or 
cities  in  the  immediate  vicinity  of  irrigation  projects, 
which  shall  have  a  water-right  from  the  same  source 
as  that  of  the  project.     (Act  of  April  16,  1906,  Sec. 

40 

4.  To  contract  for  the  impounding,  storage  and  carriage 
of  excess  water  with  irrigation  systems  operating  under 
the  Carey  Act  and  with  individuals,  corporations,  asso- 
ciations and  irrigation  districts  organized  for  or  en- 
gaged in  furnishing  or  distributing  water  for  irriga- 
tion.   (Act  of  February  21,  1911,  Sec.  I.) 

To  appoint  fiscal  agents. 

1.  To  designate  bonded  fiscal  agents.      (Act  of  August 
9,  1912,  Sec.  4.) 

2.  To  appoint  a  water  users'  association  as  fiscal  agent. 
(Act  of  August  13,  1914,  Sec.  7.) 

6.  To  transfer  to  a  legally  organized  water  users'  associa- 
tion or  irrigation  district  at  its  request,  the  care,  opera- 
tion and  maintenance  of  all  or  any  part  of  the  project 
works  subject  to  such  rules  and  regulations  as  he  may 
prescribe.     (Act  of  August  13,  1914,  Sec.  5.) 

7.  To  enter  into  contracts  with  an  organization  formed  by 
the  owners  of  the  lands  within  a  project  or  project  unit, 
providing  that  the  organization  will  maintain  and  use 
lands  reserved  for  country  parks,  public  playgrounds 
and  community  centers  for  the  purposes  prescribed. 

8.  To  lease  for  a  period  not  exceeding  ten  years,  giving 
preference  to  municipal  purposes,  any  surplus  power  or 
privilege  which  will  not  impair  the  efficiency  of  the  irri- 
gation project.  (Act  of  April  16,  1906,  Sec.  5.) 

9.  To  perform  any  and  all  acts  and  make  such  rules  and 
regulations  as  may  be  necessary  and  proper  for  the 
purpose  of  carrying  the  provisions  of  the  Reclamation 
Act  into  full  force  and  effect.    (Act  of  June  17,  1902, 
Sec.  10.) 


74          THE  U.  S.  RECLAMATION  SERVICE 

Recommendation  to  the  Secretary  for  action  upon  all  of  the 
matters  mentioned  is  usually  made  by  the  Reclamation  Com- 
mission. He  is  advised  upon  such  recommendation  and  upon 
all  engineering  matters  in  connection  with  the  Reclamation 
Service  by  a  consulting  engineer,  who  has  this  as  his  sole 
function. 

In  addition  to  the  functions  enumerated,  the  Secretary  ex- 
ercises the  power  of  appointment  of  all  the  chief  officers  and 
employees  of  the  Service,  including  the  Director. 

Reclamation  Commission.  From  1907  to  1913,  the  ad- 
ministrative direction  of  the  entire  Service  was  vested  solely 
in  a  Director,  who  was  responsible  directly  to  the  Secretary 
of  the  Interior.  On  December  13  of  that  year,  however,  as 
already  stated,  the  Secretary-  of  the  Interior  ordered  that — 
"Subject  to  the  approval  of  the  Secretary  of  the  Interior,  the 
control,  direction,  and  management  of  the  service  shall  here- 
after be  vested  jointly  in  the  following  officers :  The  director, 
the  chief  engineer,  the  chief  counsel,  the  comptroller,  the 
supervisor  of  irrigation. 

"The  officers  named  shall  constitute  a  board  for  the  purpose 
of  considering  all  questions  of  administrative  policy  and  man- 
agement, and  recommending  action  thereon,  to  the  Secretary 
of  the  Interior,  but  no  act  of  said  officers  or  of  said  board 
shall  be  of  force  or  effect  unless  the  same  is  in  pursuance  of 
authority  previously  given  by  the  Secretary  of  the  Interior. 
For  convenient  reference  said  board  shall  be  known  as  the 
reclamation  commission." 

In  December,  1914,  the  position  of  Chief  of  Construction 
was  created  and  he  was  made  a  member  of  the  Commission. 

By  order  of  May  6,  1915,  the  positions  of  Director  and  Chief 
Engineer  were  consolidated  under  the  title  of  "Director  and 
Chief  Engineer"  and  the  Supervisor  of  Irrigation  and  the 
Chief  of  Construction  were  relieved  of  membership  on  the 
Reclamation  Commission.  The  membership  of  the  Commis- 
sion was  thus  reduced  to  three.  Shortly  after  and  during  the 


ORGANIZATION  75 

greater  part  of  1916,  the  Comptroller  was  busy  with  other 
matters  and  was  granted  leave  of  absence  at  intervals  until 
June  30,  1917,  when  he  resigned.  Thus  the  Commission  has, 
in  fact,  consisted  of  two  members,  the  Director  and  the  Chief 
Counsel,  these  officers  alternating  much  of  the  time  in  the 
Washington  office  and  in  the  field. 

The  function  of  the  Commission  is  defined  in  the  order  of 
the  Secretary  of  the  Interior  of  May  6,  1915,  above  referred 
to,  as  being  "to  determine  matters  of  general  policy  and  rec- 
ommend appropriate  action  thereon  to  the  Secretary  of  the 
Interior."  The  order  further  provides  that  "no  action  of 
members  individually  or  collectively  shall  become  effective 
unless  the  same  is  in  pursuance  of  authority  previously  given 
by  the  Secretary  of  the  Interior."  Because  of  the  conditions 
above  described  there  has  usually  been  available  in  Washing- 
ton only  one  member  of  the  Commission,  and  even  when 
both  members  are  in  the  office  the  determination  of  matters 
of  general  policy  consists  in  the  acquiescence  of  one  or  the 
other  officer  in  the  letter  or  memorandum  prepared  by  his 
colleague.  In  practice  the  Director  refers  important  letters 
to  the  Chief  Counsel  if  the  latter  is  available  for  consulta- 
tion, otherwise  he  proceeds  without  further  delay — the  Com- 
mission having  a  theoretical  rather  than  an  actual  existence. 

Executive  and  Engineering  Division.  The  functions  of 
the  Executive  and  Engineering  Division  are  not  defined  in 
the  order  of  November  22,  1915,  except  as  they  may  be  in- 
ferred from  the  paragraphs  defining  the  duties  of  the  Direc- 
tor and  Chief  Engineer,  who  is  the  head  of  that  division.  So 
regarded,  the  functions  of  the  division  may  be  said  to  include, 
as  indicated  by  its  title,  all  administrative  functions  not  vested 
in  the  three  other  divisions,  and  all  engineering  matters  rela- 
tive to  the  investigation,  construction,  operation  and  main- 
tenance of  projects. 

Matters  of  the  first  class  are  handled  through  the  main 
office  of  the  Service  at  Washington.  Matters  of  the  second 


76          THE  U.  S.  RECLAMATION  SERVICE 

class  are  handled  through  a  branch  office  at  Denver,  known 
as  the  Office  of  the  Chief  of  Construction,  which  is  subordi- 
nate to  the  Director  and  Chief  Engineer.  In  each  office  the 
force  is  organized  into  a  number  of  subdivisions.  The  heads 
of  these  subdivisions  in  the  Washington  office  report  directly 
to  the  Director  and  Chief  Engineer;  those  in  Denver  report 
in  the  first  instance  to  the  Chief  of  Construction. 

The  several  primary  units  of  the  Executive  and  Engineering 
Division  are  therefore  as  follows : 

1.  Office  Proper  of  the  Director  and  Chief  Engineer. 

2.  Administrative  Offices    (Washington,  D.  C.). 

1.  Office  of  Chief  Clerk. 

2.  Accounting  Division. 

3.  Reclamation  Settlement  Division. 

4.  Engineering  Division. 

5.  Editorial  Division. 

6.  Fiscal  Inspectors. 

3.  Office  of  Chief  of  Construction  (Denver). 

Office  Proper  of  the  Director  and  Chief  Engineer.  The 
Director  and  Chief  Engineer  is  appointed  by  the  Secretary 
of  the  Interior  and  receives  a  salary  of  $7,500  per  annum. 

By  the  Secretary's  order  of  November  22,  1915,  already 
cited,  the  Director  and  Chief  Engineer  is  made  "the  execu- 
tive officer  of  the  Service."  By  the  same  order,  however,  he 
is  specifically  denied  control  of  the  legal  division  of  the  Serv- 
ice, and  of  the  Comptroller,  and  inferentially  as  well  of  the 
Supervisor  of  Irrigation.  It  would  appear,  therefore,  that  the 
words  "executive  officer  of  the  Service"  are  applicable  to  his 
functions  as  thus  limited,  only  in  that  he  is  the  most  impor- 
tant of  the  three  executive  officers  of  the  Service  created 
by  the  order,  the  portion  of  the  organization  placed  under 
his  control  being  far  larger  and  more  basic  than  are  those 
placed  under  the  control  of  the  other  offices. 

The  order  vests  the  Director  and  Chief  Engineer  specifi- 
cally with  control  over  "all  employees  engaged  in  investigat- 
ing, constructing,  operating  and  maintaining  projects"  and 


ORGANIZATION  77 

over  "all  employees  of  the  Washington  office  except  the  Legal 
Division  and  the  Comptroller." 

In  addition  to  the  function  of  supervision  over  the  general 
administrative  and  the  engineering  units  of  the  Service  thus 
vested,  the  Director  and  Chief  Engineer  is  specifically  charged 
by  the  order  with  the  duty  to  ' 'issue  all  instructions  required  to 
carry  out  approved  policies  and  for  executing  the  necessary 
work  through  the  executive  office  at  Denver,"  and  to  "control 
an  administrative  examination  of  all  accounts  in  Washing- 
ton," and  he  is  empowered  "to  sign  any  contracts  and  make 
any  commitments  authorized  by  the  Secretary  of  the  Inte- 


rior." 


Office  of  Chief  Clerk.  Under  the  office  of  the  chief  clerk 
are  included  all  of  the  sections  having  to  do  with  the  general 
business  activities  of  the  Service. 

This  includes : 

1.  Office  Proper  of  the  Chief  Clerk. 

2.  Appointment  Section. 

3.  Purchase  and  Supply  Section. 

4.  Mails  and  Files  Section. 

5.  Stenographic  Section. 

6.  Messengers. 

7.  Janitor,  Elevator,  and  Watch  Service. 

Accounting  Division.  All  accounting  work  of  the  Service, 
including  that  of  the  field  offices,  is  coordinated  under  a  chief 
accountant.  The  accounting  accuracy  of  the  project  accounts 
is  insured  by  appropriate  controlling  accounts  in  the  Wash- 
ington office.  The  accountants  stationed  in  the  several  field 
offices  are,  however,  under  the  direction  of  the  officers  in 
charge  of  those  offices. 

The  work  of  this  division  is  divided  into  the  following  sec- 
tions : 

1.  Office  Proper  of  the  Chief  Accountant. 

2.  Administrative  Examination  of  Disbursing  Accounts. 

3.  Administrative  Examination  of  Revenue  and  Repay- 
ment Accounts. 


78          THE  U.  S.  RECLAMATION  SERVICE 

4.  Bookkeeping,  Costkeeping,  and  Statistical  Section. 

5.  Transportation  Section. 

6.  Special  Fiscal  Agent  (Disbursing  Officer). 

Reclamation  Settlement  Division.  The  function  of  the 
Reclamation  Settlement  Division  is  to  disseminate  informa- 
tion relative  to  the  reclamation  projects,  in  order  to  encourage 
the  settlement  and  development  of  the  reclaimed  lands.  For 
this  purpose  newspaper  and  magazine  articles  are  prepared 
relative  to  the  agricultural  and  business  opportunities  on  proj- 
ects, and  cooperative  relations  are  maintained  with  the  water 
users'  associations,  the  immigration  agents  of  the  states,  rail- 
road companies,  and  others,  with  a  view  to  securing  compe- 
tent settlers  for  the  lands. 

Because  of  the  value  of  photographs  of  the  reclamation 
projects  in  the  publicity  work  referred  to,  the  Settlement 
Division  has  charge  also  of  all  the  photographic  work  done 
by  the  Service.  That  work  has,  however,  a  value  quite  apart 
from  its  utilization  for  publicity.  In  all  operations  of  this 
kind  it  is  highly  desirable  to  have  photographs  of  the  original 
condition  of  the  ground  or  of  structures  which  are  to  be  re- 
moved, repaired,  or  modified;  also  of  the  progress  made  by 
contractors  engaged  in  difficult  work.  By  having  such  photo- 
graphic records  in  connection  with  drawings  and  manuscript,  it 
is  possible  to  avoid  many  misunderstandings  and  to  prevent 
litigation  arising. 

Engineering  Division.  The  engineering  work  carried  on  in 
the  Washington  office  is  divided  into  two  sections,  known  as 
the  Technical  Section  and  the  Drafting  Section.  The  Tech- 
nical Section  has  for  its  duty  the  review  and  standardization 
of  specifications  and  plans,  the  preparation  of  engineering  ar- 
ticles for  engineering  and  other  publications,  the  tabulation 
of  engineering  statistical  data,  and  other  matters  of  engineer- 
ing detail.  The  Drafting  Section  has  for  its  duty  the  mainte- 
nance and  reproduction  of  all  maps,  drawings,  plates,  survey 
records,  and  so  forth  arising  from  the  work  of  the  Service. 

Editorial  Division.    The  editor  handles  all  matters  relating 


ORGANIZATION 


79 


to  the  publication  of  the  Reclamation  Record,  a  monthly  pub- 
lication; and  edits  the  annual  reports  of  the  Service,  and 
other  reports  and  material  preparatory  to  their  publication. 

Examiners  of  Accounts.  Three  examiners  of  accounts  are 
employed  to  inspect  and  audit  the  accounts  maintained  in  the 
several  project  offices  and  to  advise  those  offices  as  to  the 
methods  of  keeping  such  accounts.  Prior  to  July  i,  1917, 
this  work  was  under  the  direction  of  the  Comptroller,  irregu- 
larities noted  by  the  inspectors  being  reported  by  them  to 
the  Comptroller,  who  brought  them  to  the  attention  of  the 
Director  and  Chief  Engineer  for  rectification.  Upon  the  po- 
sition of  Comptroller  becoming  vacant,  on  the  date  mentioned, 
the  three  examiners  of  accounts  were  placed  directly  under 
the  jurisdiction  of  the  Director  and  Chief  Engineer. 

Office  of^Chief  of  Construction  (Denver).  The  Chief  of 
Construction  is  thV  field  executive  of  the  Director  and  Chief 
Engineer.  He  is  appointed  by  the  Secretary  of  the  Interior 
and  receives  a  salary  of  $6,000  per  annum.  He  has  imme- 
diate supervision  over  the  management  and  execution  of  all 
work  in  the  field;  his  office  is  located  at  Denver. 

The  duties  of  the  Chief  of  Construction  are  thus  defined 
in  the  order  of  the  Secretary  of  the  Interior,  dated  November 
22,  1915: 

The  Chief  of  Construction  shall  represent  the  executive  offi- 
cer in  the  field  and  shall  have  charge  of  the  Denver  Office  and 
all  employees  engaged  in  the  construction,  operation,  and 
maintenance  of  the  projects  and  works  incident  thereto.  He 
shall  report  to  the  Director  and  Chief  Engineer,  and,  subject 
to  the  latter's  general  approval,  shall  adopt  the  measures  nec- 
essary to  execute  the  approved  plans  and  policies. 

The  Chief  of  Construction  thus  has  under  his  control  an 
office  force  located  in  the  Denver  office,  and  a  field  force 
stationed  on  the  twenty-six  projects. 

The  sections  of  the  office  force,  stationed  at  Denver,  are 
as  follows: 


8o          THE  U.  S.  RECLAMATION  SERVICE 

1.  Office  Proper  of  Chief  of  Construction. 

2.  Engineering  Section. 

3.  Disbursing  Section. 

4.  Purchasing  Section. 

5.  Consulting  Engineers. 

In  the  Office  Proper  of  the  Chief  of  Construction  are  two 
Assistant  Chiefs  of  Construction. 

The  so-called  Engineering  Section  is  in  fact  composed  of 
four  coordinate  engineering  sections,  headed  by  an  electrical 
engineer,  a  designing  engineer,  a  drainage  engineer  and  an 
office  engineer  respectively.  The  electrical  engineer  advises 
the  Chief  of  Construction  on  mechanical  and  electrical  engi- 
neering matters  and  supervises  the  design  and  examination  of 
plans  submitted  for  approval  of  permanent  mechanical  and 
electrical  installations.  The  designing  engineer  supervises  the 
designing  and  drafting  done  in  the  Denver  office  and  acts  in  an 
advisory  capacity  in  the  examination  of  all  plans  and  designs 
submitted  for  approval  with  the  exception  of  mechanical  and 
electrical  work.  The  drainage  engineer  advises  the  Chief  of 
Construction  on  drainage  matters  and  acts  in  an  advisory 
capacity  to  the  project  managers  on  drainage  problems.  The 
office  engineer  assists  the  Chief  of  Construction  on  engineer- 
ing details,  examines  contracts  and  specifications,  and  super- 
vises the  inspection  of  materials  purchased  under  contract. 

The  Disbursing  Section  has  to  do  with  the  disbursement  of 
moneys  for  purchases  made  through  the  Denver  office  arid 
the  payment  of  payrolls  and  other  vouchers  transmitted  to 
the  Denver  office  for  payment. 

The  purchasing  agent  supervises  all  purchases  and  transfers 
of  property  made  through  the  Denver  office. 

The  work  of  a  Cement  Testing  Section  which  supervised 
the  testing  and  shipping  of  cement,  formerly  a  part  of  the 
Denver  organization,  was  transferred  recently  to  the  Bureau 
of  Standards  of  the  Department  of  Commerce. 

In  addition  to  the  above  organization,  a  staff  of  consulting 
engineers  is  retained,  and  where  considered  necessary  the 


ORGANIZATION  81 

Chief  of  Construction  calls  upon  these  engineers  to  act  individ- 
ually in  an  advisory  capacity  on  special  engineering  questions 
submitted  to  them  or  with  boards  of  engineers  appointed  to 
make  recommendations  regarding  engineering  features  of 
reclamation  projects. 

The  field  organization  of  the  executive  and  engineering 
branch  embraces,  as  above  stated,  twenty-six  projects. 

During  the  initial  stages  of  the  Service's  work,  the  engineer 
in  charge  of  each  separate  field  party  or  project  reported  to 
the  Chief  Engineer  (located  at  the  Washington  office) ;  but 
as  the  number  of  enterprises  increased  it  became  impossible 
for  the  Chief  Engineer  to  give  personal  attention  to  all  details. 
There  were  accordingly  created  six  districts,  each  with  a  su- 
pervising engineer  in  charge  who  reported  to  the  Washington 
office  and  acted  as  the  immediate  representative  in  the  field 
of  the  Chief  Engineer.  With  the  completion  of  the  larger 
structures  the  number  of  districts  was  reduced  to  three,  the 
engineer  in  charge  of  a  district  being  designated  senior  engi- 
neer instead  of  supervising  engineer.  In  1916  the  area  was 
again  divided  and  four  senior  engineers'  divisions  were  estab- 
lished, known  as  the  Central,  Southern,  Northern,  and  Pacific 
Divisions.  The  senior  engineer  in  charge  of  each  division  had 
duties  in  addition  to  that  of  supervision  of  his  district;  the 
senior  engineer  in  charge  of  the  Central  Division  acting  also 
as  assistant  to  the  Chief  of  Construction,  and  each  of  the 
other  three  senior  engineers  acting  also  as  a  project  mana- 
ger. These  territorial  divisions  have  recently  been  abolished, 
and  each  project  manager  now  reports  direct  to  the  Chief  of 
Construction. 

The  projects,  arranged  alphabetically  by  states,  are  as  fol- 
lows : 

STATE  PROJECT  OFFICE 

Arizona  Salt  River  Phoenix,  Ariz. 

Arizona-California  Yuma  Yuma,   Ariz. 

California  Orland  Orland,    Cal. 

Colorado  Grand  Valley  Grand  Junction,   Colo. 

Colorado  Uncompahgre  Valley  Montrose,  Colo. 


82          THE  U.  S.  RECLAMATION  SERVICE 

STATE  PROJECT  OFFICE 

Idaho  Boise  Boise,   Idaho 

Idaho  King  Hill  King  Hill,  Idaho 

Idaho  Minidoka  Burley,  Idaho 

Montana  Huntley  Huntley,  Mont. 

Montana  Milk  River  Malta,    Mont. 

Montana  Sun  River  Fort  Shaw,  Mont. 

Montana-North  Dakota    Lower  Yellowstone  Savage,  Mont. 

Nebraska-Wyoming  North  Platte  Mitchell,   Neb. 

Nevada  Truckee-Carson  Fallen,  Nev. 

New  Mexico  Carlsbad  Carlsbad,    N.    Mex. 

New  Mexico  Hondo  Carlsbad,   N.   Mex. 

New  Mexico-Texas  Rio  Grande  El  Paso,  Tex. 

North  Dakota  N.  Dak.  Pumping  Williston,  N.  Dak. 

Oklahoma  Lawton 1 

Oregon  Umatilla  Hermiston,  Ore. 

Oregon-California  Klamath  Klamath  Falls,  Ore. 

South  Dakota  Belle  Fourche  Newell,   S.   Dak. 

Utah  Strawberry  Valley  Provo,  Utah 

Washington  Okanogan  Okanogan,   Wash. 

Washington  Yakima  Yakima,  Wash. 

Wyoming  Shoshone  Powell,  Wyo. 

JWork  on  this  project  has  been  postponed  until  after  the  war. 

On  each  project  is  a  project  manager  in  responsible  charge. 
It  is  his  duty  to  direct  the  work  in  all  its  phases,  including 
the  operation  and  maintenance  of  completed  portions  of  the 
systems.  The  project  manager  has  an  office  force  and  a  field 
force.  The  office  force  has  for  its  duties  the  planning  of  the 
construction  work,  the  planning  of  water  deliveries  for  the 
project  as  a  whole,  the  compilation  of  records  of  deliveries, 
the  collection  and  disbursement  of  money,  and  the  office  cor- 
respondence. The  field  force  has  for  its  duties  the  actual  con- 
struction involved  in  building  physical  features  of  the  proj- 
ects, and  after  construction  the  proper  distribution  of  the  water 
and  the  maintenance  of  the  irrigation  works.  Members  of 
the  office  force  frequently  assist  in  the  inspection  of  field  work. 
The  size  and  the  detailed  duties  of  these  forces  will  necessarily 
vary  with  the  extent  and  conditions  on  each  project. 

The  field  force  employed  for  the  operation  of  the  works  is 
usually  drawn  from  the  working  force  which  built  the  canals 
and  is  thus  composed  of  men  who  had  become  thoroughly 
acquainted  with  all  the  details.  In  any  system  of  earth  works 


ORGANIZATION  83 

there  are  so  many  things  out  of  sight  that  it  is  not  safe  to 
trust  such  works  in  the  hands  of  men  who  do  not  know  their 
past  history  or  the  methods  used  in  their  construction. 

If  the  system  consists  of  several  large  canals,  each  is  in 
charge  of  a  superintendent  who,  in  turn,  has  under  him  two  or 
more  water  masters,  each  in  charge  of  large  subdivisions.  At 
the  head  of  the  system,  near  the  gates  which  control  the 
outflow  of  water  from  the  reservoir  or  at  the  inflow  to  the 
canals,  is  located  a  gate  tender  who,  with  his  family,  resides 
at  the  spot  so  that  some  competent  person  is  always  available 
to  be  reached  by  telephone  and  to  manipulate  the  gates.  At 
convenient  points  along  the  principal  canals  are  located  vari- 
ous canal  riders  known  in  the  southwest  as  "zanjeros,"  the 
duty  of  each  being  to  ride  daily  20  miles  or  more  of  the  canal, 
see  that  it  is  in  good  condition,  and  open  or  close  the  water 
gates  leading  from  the  main  canal  into  the  laterals  and,  from 
these,  to  the  farmers'  distributing  systems.  These  men  usu- 
ally need  two  horses  for  use  on  alternate  days,  or  are  pro- 
vided with  motorcycles  or  light  automobiles  to  facilitate  the 
work.  The  men  are  paid  from  $75  to  $90  per  month,  depend- 
ing upon  their  experience,  the  difficulty  of  the  work,  facilities 
in  the  way  of  lodging  and  transportation  furnished  to  them, 
and  the  number  of  months  employed.  In  the  northern  states, 
where  the  irrigation  season  is  short,  many  of  them  are  kept 
busy  only  during  the  summer  and  seek  other  occupations  dur- 
ing the  remainder  of  the  year.  It  is,  however,  difficult  to  get 
back  on  the  work  the  good  men  for  the  summer  season  and, 
hence,  it  is  frequently  necessary  to  furnish  employment  to 
these  men  in  some  other  line  on  the  project  throughout  the 
year. 

Legal  Division.  The  work  of  the  legal  branch  embraces 
the  acquisition  of  water  rights  and  rights  of  way,  and  the 
purchase  of  land,  the  examination  of  titles,  the  preparation 
of  public  notices,  the  interpretation  of  laws  and  rules,  and  all 
other  legal  matters  arising  out  of  the  work  of  the  Service. 


84          THE  U.  S.  RECLAMATION  SERVICE 

The  legal  branch  is  organized  in  the  following  units: 

1.  Office  Proper  of  the  Chief  Counsel. 

2.  Law  Section. 

3.  Land  and  General  Section. 

4.  District  Offices  (nine  in  number). 

Office  Proper  of  the  Chief  Counsel.  The  Chief  Counsel 
is  the  chief  law  officer  of  the  Service  and  is  a  member  of 
the  Reclamation  Commission.  He  is  appointed  by  the  Secre- 
tary of  the  Interior  and  receives  a  salary  of  $6,000  per  annum. 

In  the  order  of  November  22,  1915,  the  Secretary  states 
that 

The  Chief  Counsel,  as  the  head  of  the  legal  division,  shall 
conduct  all  investigations  involving  the  legal  rights  and  priv- 
ileges of  the  Service,  and  will  control  all  employees  of  his 
division. 

As  a  member  of  the  Commission  the  Chief  Counsel  assists 
in  matters  of  administration.  In  testimony  before  the  sub- 
committee of  the  House  Committee  on  Appropriations,  in 
charge  of  the  sundry  civil  appropriation  bill  for  1916,  he 
stated  that  probably  half  of  his  time  is  taken  up  with  work 
that  cannot  be  termed  legal  work. 

Lazv  Section.  The  Law  Section  looks  after  strictly  legal 
matters  and  has  for  it's  duty  the  preparation  of  opinions  upon 
the  numerous  legal  questions  continually  arising. 

Land  and  General  Section.  The  work  of  the  Land  and 
General  Section  is  chiefly  along  administrative  lines,  including 
the  withdrawal  and  restoration  of  lands  and  routine  exami- 
nation of  contracts,  examination  and  amendment  of  farm  unit 
plats,  etc.  This  section  also  handles  much  of  the  routine  cor- 
respondence of  the  Washington  office  of  the  Service. 

District  Offices  of  the  Legal  Division  are  maintained  at  nine 
points  in  the  west  for  the  purpose  of  handling  legal  matters 
arising  out  of  the  construction  and  maintenance  of  the  several 
projects,  such  as  negotiations  for  the  purchase  of  land,  the  fil- 
ing, purchase  and  adjustment  of  water  rights,  and  the  prepara- 


>     ORGANIZATION  85 

tion  of  construction  contracts,  public  notices,  and  agreements 
with  water  users'  associations;  and  of  furnishing  legal  advice 
to  the  field  forces  of  the  Executive  and  Engineering  Division. 
Each  office  is  in  charge  of  a  District  Counsel  who,  in  addition 
to  the  work  just  mentioned,  frequently  assists  the  United  States 
attorneys  in  the  preparation  and  trial  of  cases  involving  the 
Service. 

The  location  of  these  field  offices,  together  with  the  projects 
or  other  assignments  within  the  jurisdiction  of  each  District 
Counsel  is  given  below : 

1.  Denver,  Colorado. 

1.  Office  of  the  Chief  of  Construction. 

2.  Organization  of  Irrigation  Districts. 

3.  Contracts. 

2.  Montrose,  Colorado. 

1.  Grand  Valley  Project,  Colorado. 

2.  Uncompahgre  Valley  Project,  Colorado. 

3.  Strawberry  Valley  Project,  Utah. 

3.  El  Paso,  Texas. 

1.  Rio  Grande  Project,  New  Mexico-Texas. 

2.  Carlsbad  Project,  New  Mexico. 

3.  Hondo  Project,  New  Mexico. 

4.  Los  Angeles,  California. 

1.  Salt  River  Project,  Arizona. 

2.  Yuma  Project,  Arizona-California. 

3.  Orland  Project,  California. 

4.  Truckee-Carson  Project,  Nevada. 

5.  Titles. 

5.  Portland,  Oregon. 

1.  Umatilla  Project,  Oregon. 

2.  Klamath  Project,  Oregon-California. 

6.  Yakima,  Washington. 

1.  Yakima  Project,  Washington. 

2.  Okanogan  Project,  Washington. 

7.  Boise,  Idaho. 

1.  Boise  Project,  Idaho 

2.  Minidoka  Project,  Idaho. 

3.  King  Hill  Project,  Idaho. 

4.  Jackson  Lake  Enlargement,  Wyo. 


86          THE  U.  S.  RECLAMATION  SERVICE 

8.  Helena,  Montana. 

1.  Black  feet  (Indian)  Project,  Montana. 

2.  Flathead  (Indian)  Project,  Montana. 

3.  Fort  Peck  (Indian)  Project,  Montana. 

4.  Huntley  Project,  Montana. 

5.  Milk  River  Project,  Montana. 

6.  Sun  River  Project,  Montana. 

7.  North  Dakota  Pumping  Project,  North  Dakota. 

8.  Lower  Yellowstone  Project,  Montana-North  Da- 
kota. 

9.  Shoshone  Project,  Wyoming. 

9.  Scottsbluff,  Montana. 

1.  North  Platte  Project,  Nebraska- Wyoming. 

2.  Belle  Fourche  Project,  South  Dakota. 

Fiscal  Division.  The  Fiscal  Division  was  created  by  order 
of  the  Secretary  on  December  13,  1913,  and  was  continued  by 
the  order  of  November  22,  1915.  By  that  order  its  function 
was  defined  to  be  "the  inspection  of  all  fiscal  practices  and 
accounts,"  the  Executive  and  Engineering  Division  being  en- 
trusted with  the  "administrative  examination  of  accounts," 
and  with  the  actual  keeping  of  the  accounts.  The  nominal 
head  of  the  Fiscal  Division  was  for  about  three  years — 1913  to 
1916 — the  Comptroller  who,  as  already  stated,  was  by  the  same 
orders  designated  a  member  of  the  Reclamation  Commission. 
The  Fiscal  Division  had,  however,  but  a  short  life  as  an  inde- 
pendent division  of  the  Service,  as  the  Comptroller  was  granted 
successive  leaves  of  absence  during  a  great  part  of  1916 
and  1917,  finally  resigning  on  June  30,  1917.  The  several 
examiners  of  accounts  under  his  jurisdiction  were  on  the 
latter  date  transferred  to  the  Executive  and  Engineering 
Division,  reporting  directly  to  the  Director  and  Chief 
Engineer. 

The  Fiscal  Division  has,  therefore,  no  longer  any  real  ex- 
istence, and  mention  is  made  of  it  in  this  place  only  because 
it  is  recognized  as  an  independent  division  in  the  Sec- 
retary's order  of  November,  1915,  which  has  not  yet  been 
rescinded. 


,     ORGANIZATION  87 

Office  of  the  Supervisor  of  Irrigation.  The  position  of 
Supervisor  of  Irrigation  was  created  by  the  Secretary  of  the 
Interior  by  his  order  of  December  13,  1913.  By  the  order 
of  November  22,  1915,  he  is  directed  to  "advise  and  counsel 
with  water  users  as  to  the  best  practice  of  irrigating  and  cul- 
tivating irrigated  lands,  the  development  of  markets,  and  all 
questions  affecting  the  welfare  of  settlers  and  water  users," 
and  to  "consult  and  cooperate  with  the  experts  of  the  Agricul- 
tural Department  that  are  assigned  to  the  projects,  and  advise 
the  executive  officer  of  the  Reclamation  Service  regarding  all 
irregularities  in  the  operating  departments  of  the  respective 
projects  that  may  come  to  his  notice  through  inspection  or 
otherwise." 

The  Supervisor  of  Irrigation  maintains  his  office  at  Billings, 
Montana,  where  he  is  assisted  by  a  secretary.  He  is  appointed 
by  the  Secretary  of  the  Interior  and  receives  a  salary  of  $21 
a  day  and  expenses  when  engaged  on  Reclamation  Service 
work.  He  has  visited  most  of  the  projects  at  intervals  of 
several  months,  held  popular  meetings  with  the  irrigators, 
urged  the  extension  of  area  planted  to  alfalfa,  and  better 
farming  methods  in  general,  and  is  a  monthly  contributor  to 
the  Reclamation  Record  on  subjects  relating  to  better  farm- 
ing. 


APPENDIX  1 
OUTLINE  OF  ORGANIZATION 

EXPLANATORY  NOTE 

The  Outlines  of  Organization  have  for  their  purpose  to  make 
known  in  detail  the  organization  and  personnel  possessed  by  the 
several  services  of  the  national  government  to  which  they  relate. 
They  have  been  prepared  in  accordance  with  the  plan  followed  by 
the  President's  Commission  on  Economy  and  Efficiency  in  the 
preparation  of  its  outlines  of  the  organization  of  the  United  States 
government.1  They  differ  from  those  outlines,  however,  in  that 
whereas  the  Commission's  report  showed  only  organization  units,  the 
presentation  herein  has  been  carried  far  enough  to  show  the  per- 
sonnel embraced  in  each  organization  unit. 

These  outlines  are  of  value  not  merely  as  an  effective  means  of 
making  known  the  organization  of  the  several  services.  If  kept 
revised  to  date  by  the  services,  they  constitute  exceedingly  important 
tools  of  administration.  They  permit  the  directing  personnel  to  see 
at  a  glance  the  organization  and  personnel  at  their  disposition.  They 
establish  definitely  the  line  of  administrative  authority  and  enable 
each  employee  to  know  his  place  in  the  system.  They  furnish  the 
essential  basis  for  making  plans  for  determining  costs  by  organiza- 
tion division  and  subdivision.  They  afford  the  data  for  a  considera- 
tion of  the  problem  of  classifying  and  standardizing  personnel  and 
compensation.  Collectively,  they  make  it  possible  to  determine  the 
number  and  location  of  organization  divisions  of  any  particular  kind, 
as,  for  example,  laboratories,  libraries,  blue-print  rooms,  or  any  other 
kind  of  plant  possessed  by  the  national  government,  to  what  services 
they  are  attached  and  where  they  are  located,  or  to  determine  what 
services  are  maintaining  stations  at  any  city  or  point  in  the  United 
States.  The  Institute  hopes  that  upon  the  completion  of  the  present 
series,  it  will  be  able  to  prepare  a  complete  classified  statement  of 
the  technical  and  other  facilities  at  the  disposal  of  the  government. 
The  present  monographs  will  then  furnish  the  details  regarding  the 
organization,  equipment,  and  work  of  the  institutions  so  listed  and 
classified. 
1  House  Doc.  458,  62d  Cong.,  2d  Sess.  1912—2  vols. 


89 


THE  U.  S.  RECLAMATION  SERVICE 


OUTLINE  OF  ORGANIZATION 

RECLAMATION   SERVICE 

DEPARTMENT  OF  THE  INTERIOR 

June  30,   1917 

Note:  The  names  of  the  divisions  of  the  Service  appearing  in  this 
outline  are  of  two  classes  —  those  corresponding  to  distinct  organ- 
ization units,  and  those  used  merely  as  convenient  group  names  to 
designate  a  group  of  related  but  independent  organization  units. 
The  name  of  each  organization  unit  proper  is  followed  by  the  title 
of  the  head  of  the  unit,  except  where  the  title  is  self-evident. 

No.    Salary  Rate 

1.  Secretary  of  the  Interior 

Consulting  Engineer  to  the  Secretary  of  the 

Interior  I     $  5,000 

2.  Reclamation  Service  Proper  —  Reclamation  Com- 

mission (*) 
I.  Reclamation  Commission 

Director  and  Chief  Engineer,  Chairman 
Chief  Counsel 

Comptroller   (Position  vacant) 
.  Executive     and     Engineering     Division  — 
Director  and  Chief  Engineer 

1.  Office    Proper    of    the   Director    and 

Chief  Engineer 

Director  and  Chief  Engineer  I        7,500 

Private  Secretary  I         1,800 

Stenographer  I         1,200 

2.  General  Administrative  Offices 

i.  Office  of  Chief  Clerk 

1.  Office  Proper  of  Chief  Clerk 

Chief   Clerk  i  2,100 

Stenographer  i  1,440 

2.  Appointment  Clerk  I  1,560 

3.  Purchase   and   Supply  Sec- 

tion —  Purchasing  Agent 

Purchasing   Agent  i         1,800 

Asst.   Purchasing  Agent  1,680 

Stenographer    and    Clerk  i>44<> 

Storehouse  Clerk  1,080 

Asst.  Storehouse  Clerk  900 

840 

Wrapper  480 

4.  Mails   and    Files    Section  — 

Clerk  in  Charge 
Clerk  in  Charge  i         1,980 


*This  term  was  used  in  the  original  order  creating  this  body  —  that  of 
December  13,  1913.  The  revised  order  now  in  force  —  that  of  November 
22,  1915  —  does  not  contain  any  specific  designation  for  the  commission. 


OUTLINE  OF  ORGANIZATION 


File  Clerk 
Assistant  File  Clerk 
Index  Clerk 
Mailing   Clerk 

5.  Stenographic     S  e  c  t  i  o  n — 
Stenographer  in  Charge 
Stenographer    in    Charge 
Stenographer 


6.  Messengers 

Messenger 
» 

7.  Janitor  and  Watch  Force 

Janitor 
Charwoman 
Watchman 

2.  Accounting  Division — Chief  Ac- 
countant 

1.  Office  Proper  of  Chief  Ac- 

countant 
Chief  Accountant 

2.  Administrative  Examination 

of  Disbursing  Accounts 
Chief  of  Section 
Clerk 


Administrative  Examination 
of  Revenue  and  Repay- 
ment    Accounts — Chief 
of  Section 
Chief  of  Section 
Bookkeeper 


» 
» 

4.  Bookkeeping,       Costkeeping 

and    Statistical    Section 
— Head  Bookkeeper 

Head  Bookkeeper 

Bookkeeper 

Clerk 

5.  Transportation        Section — 

Chief  of  Section 
Chief  of  Section 


1,680 

1,500 

900 

480 


1,620 
1,380 
1,320 
1,080 
1,020 
1,000 
3  pd 

540 
480 

i-75 
•75 
720 


2,700 


1,920 
1,620 
1,440 
1,380 


1,920 

1,680 
1,440 
1,260 
i, 080 

1,020 


1, 800 

1, 680 

1,440 

480 


2,220 


THE  U.  S.  RECLAMATION  SERVICE 


Freight  Rate  Clerk 
»          »          » 

Stenographer 
Clerk 

6.  Special    Fiscal    Agent 
3.  Reclamation  Settlement  Division 
— Statistician 

1.  Office  Proper  of  Statistician 

Statistician 

2.  Settlement     and      Publicity 

Section — Assistant  Stat- 
istician 

Assistant   Statistician 
Settlement    Agent     (Chi- 
cago) 
Stenographer 

Clerk 

>» 

Colorist 

3.  Photographic     S  e  c  t  i  o  n — 

Photographer 
Photographer 
Assistant  Photographer 
,  4.  Engineering    Division — Engineer 
in  Charge 

1.  Office    Proper    of   Engineer 

in  Charge 
Engineer   in    Charge 

Assistant  Engineer 
i)  » 

Stenographer    and    Clerk 

2.  Drafting  Section 

Draftsman  in  Charge 


Assistant  Map  Printer 
Apprentice    Draftsman 

5.  Editor 

6.  Examiners  of  Accounts 

Examiner  of  Accounts 

»  »  » 

(/  *  3.  Field    Establishment— Chief   of    Con- 
struction 

i.  Office  Proper  of  Chief  of   Con- 
struction (Denver,  Colo.) 
Chief  of  Construction 
Assistant    Chief   of    Construc- 
tion 

Office  Engineer 
Assistant  Engineer 
Consulting  Engineer 
Stenographer 


1,500 
1,440 
1,200 
1,020 
i, 800 


3,300 


1,500 

1,320 

900 

840 

480 
Piece  work 


1,020 
600 


2,520 

',680 
,320 

,800 
,680 
,620 
,140 
600 
540 
2,400 

2,160 

2,100 


6,OOO 
4,500 

3,000 
1,920 
3,600 
1,260 


OUTLINE  OF  ORGANIZATION 


93 


Chief  Clerk 
Appointment  Clerk 
Costkeeper 

Bookkeeper 
» 

File  Clerk 

Assistant   File   Clerk 
Stenographer 
Timekeeper 
Telephone  Operator 
Messenger 

2.  Central  Offices  (Denver,  Colo.) 
I.  Engineering  Offices 

1.  Electrical  and  Mechani- 

cal Engineering  Sec- 
tion— Electrical  Engi- 
neer 

Electrical  Engineer 
»  » 

Assistant  Electrical  En- 
gineer 

Mechanical  Draftsman 
»  » 

Under  Clerk 

2.  Designing    Engineering 

Section — Designing 
Engineer 

Designing  Engineer 
Assistant  Designing  En- 
gineer 

»  »          )> 

Draftsman 

3.  Drainage  Engineer 

4.  Consulting  Engineers 
Consulting  Engineer 


Junior  Clerk — Steno. 
Business  Offices 
I.  Purchasing  Section — 
Purchasing  Agent 
Purchasing  Agent 
Purchasing  Clerk 
Clerk 


2,160 
1,440 
1,680 
1,680 
1,380 
1,620 

840 
i, 080 
40  pm 
5opm 

600 


I 

3.900 

I 

2,760 

I 

2,040 

I 

1,  800 

3 

1,560 

i 

QOO 

i 

3,900 

4 

1,920 

4 

1,440 

i 

1,140 

i 

3,900 

4 

25  pd 

3 

20  pd 

i 

i8pd 

i 

14  pd 

i 

2,520 

i 

1,200 

2,400 

1,  800 

1,260 

I,20O 

2 

1,140 

1,  080 

1,020 

000 

660 

94 


THE  U.  S.  RECLAMATION  SERVICE 


Clerk 
Messenger 

2.  Disbursing  Section-Dis- 
bursing Officer 
Disbursing  Officer 
Ass't  Disbursing  Officer 

Clerk 
M 

Messenger 
Projects 

1.  Salt  River  Project 

(Arizona) 

2.  Yuma  Project 

(Arizona-California) 

3.  Orland   Project 

(California) 

4.  Grand  Valley  Project 

(Colorado)1 

1.  Office    Proper   of    Pro- 

ject Manager  (Grand 
Junction,  Colo.) 

Project  Manager 

Stenographer 

2.  Office  of  Chief  Clerk ' 
Chief  Clerk 
Special  Fiscal  Agent 

Clerk 
»> 

Storekeeper 
Timekeeper 

3.  Engineering  Division  ( i ) 
Assistant  Engineer 


Junior  Engineer 
Foreman 


Subforeman 


3  pd 

480 


1,920 
1,560 
1,320 
i, 080 
540 


2,400 
1,140 

i, 800 

1,260 

1,320 

i, 080 
105pm 
95  pm 
90pm 


2,160 
i, 680 
1,620 
1,500 
1,380 
145  pm 
nopm 
4.00  pd 
3.92  pd 
3.40  pd 

JThe  organization  of  this  project  is  presented  in  detail  for  purposes  of 
illustration.  The  organizations  of  the  remaining  projects  do  not  differ 
essentially  from  that  presented. 

*The  outline  given  includes  only  such  employees  as  are  employed  fairly 
regularly  throughout  the  year.  During  the  months  that  construction 
work  is  practicable  and  during  the  operating  season,  the  forces  of  the 
projects  are  materially  increased  in  the  number  of  gate  tenders,  ditch- 
riders,  water  distributors,  mechanics  and  laborers,  and  of  engineers,  in- 
strumentmen,  surveymen,  clerks,  storekeepers,  timekeepers,  shop  clerks 
and  the  like. 


OUTLINE  OF  ORGANIZATION 


95 


Machinist    Foreman  I 

Blacksmith  2 

Instrumentman  I 

i 

I 

Transitman  i 

2 

Levelman  2 

Rodman  3 

Chainman  i 

4.  Operation   and  Mainte- 
nance 1 

Supt.  of  Irrigation 
Superintendent 
Gatetender 
Ditchrider 


4,25  pd 
4.00  pd 
125  pm 
nopm 

80  pm 
100  pm 

90  pm 

90  pm 

70  pm 

70pm 


1 5opm 
150pm 
90pm 
I05pm 
100  pm 
85  pm 
90  pm 
60  pm 


Watchman 
j> 

5.  Uncompahgre    Valley    Pro- 

ject (Colorado)1 

6.  Boise  Project  (Idaho) 

7.  King  Hill  Project     (Idaho) 

8.  Minidoka  Project      (Idaho) 

9.  Huntley   Project  (Montana) 

10.  Milk   River   Project 

(Montana) 

11.  Sun   River   Project 

(Montana) 

12.  Black  feet  Project 
(Indian  Project)    (Montana) 

13.  Flathead  Project 
(Indian  Project)    (Montana) 

14.  Fort  Peck  Project 
(Indian  Project)    (Montana) 

15.  Lower  Yellowstone  Project 

(Montana-No.  Dakota) 

1 6.  North  Platte  Project 

^    (Nebraska- Wyoming) 

17.  Truckee-Carson  Project 

(Nevada) 

18.  Carlsbad  Project 

(New  Mexico) 

*The  outline  given  includes  only  such  employees  as  are  employed 
fairly  regularly  throughout  the  year.  During  the  months  that  construc- 
tion work  is  practicable  and  during  the  operating  season,  the  forces  of 
the  projects  are  materially  increased  in  the  number  of  gate  tenders,  ditch- 
riders,  water  distributors,  mechanics  and  laborers,  and  of  engineers, 
instrumentmen,  surveymen,  clerks,  storekeepers,  timekeepers,  shop  clerks 
and  the  like. 


96          THE  U.  S.  RECLAMATION  SERVICE 

19.  Hondo  Project 

(New  Mexico) 

20.  Rio  Grande  Project 

(New  Mexico-Texas) 

21.  North  Dakota  Pumping  Pro- 

ject (North  Dakota) 

22.  Lawton  Project  , 

(Oklahoma) 

23.  Umatilla    Project  (Oregon) 

24.  Klamath  Project 

(Oregon-California) 

25.  Belle  Fourche  Project 

(South  Dakota) 

26.  Strawberry  Valley  Project 

(Utah) 

27.  Okanogan  Project 

(Washington) 

28.  Yakima  Project 

(Washington) 

29.  Shoshone  Project 

(Wyoming) 

3.  Legal  Division-Chief  Counsel 
£7  i.  Office  Proper  of  Chief  Counsel 

Chief  Counsel  '  i     $  6,000 

Private  Secretary  I         1,320 

2.  Central  Offices  (Washington,  D.  C.) 

1.  Law    Section  —  Acting    Chief 

Counsel 

Acting  Chief  Counsel  I  2,760 

Legal  Examiner  I  2,000 

i  i, 680 

"              "  i  i, 600 

Stenographer  i  960 

2.  Land     and     General  Section — 

Counsel 

Counsel  i  4,5°° 

Legal  examiner  i  2,280 

"  i  1,920 

i  1,560 

i  1,560 

Draftsman  i  i,5°° 

Stenographer  i  1,380 

3.  Field  Establishment — Assistant  Chief 

Counsel 

1.  Office  Proper  of  Assistant  Chief 

Counsel   (Denver,  Colo.) 

Assistant  Chief  Counsel  I  2,400 

Legal  Examiner  I  1,620 

Junior  Engineer  i  1,320 

Chief  Clerk  i  1,080 

2.  District  Offices 


OUTLINE  OF  ORGANIZATION 


97 


i.  Denver,    Colorado — District 

Counsel 
District  Counsel  I 


Stenographer 
Messenger 

2.  Montrose,    Colorado  —  Dis- 

trict Counsel 
District  Counsel 

3.  El     Paso,     Texas— District 

Counsel 

District  Coun.se! 
Stenographer 
Stenographer    and    Law 

Clerk 

4.  Scottsbluff,    Neb.  —  District 

Counsel 

District  Counsel 
Assistant  District  Counsel 

5.  Los  Angeles,   Cal. — District 

Counsel 
District  Counsel 


Assistant  District  Counsel 
Stenographer 


L 


6.  Provo,  Utah— District  Coun- 

sel 
District  Counsel  I 

7.  Boise,    Idaho  —  District 

Counsel 

District   Counsel  I 

Stenographer  I 

8.  North    Yakima,    Wash. — Dis- 

trict Counsel 

District  Counsel  .  I 

Stenographer  I 

9.  Portland,    Oregon — District 

Counsel 

District  Counsel  I 

Stenographer  I 

10.  Helena,     Montana — District 

Counsel 

District  Counsel  I 

Chief  Clerk  I 

Stenographer  I 

4.  Office  of  the  Supervisor  of  Irrigation  (Bil- 
lings, Montana) 

Supervisor  of  Irrigation  I 

Chief  Clerk  and  Secretary  I 


2,400 
i, 800 
2,700 
1,800 
1,200 
420 


1,920 


2,400 
1,400 

1,260 


2,820 
2,040 


3,000 
2,580 
2,520 
1,320 

1,200 
1,020 


1,800 


2,940 
1,260 


1,800 

1,200 

6.50  pd 
1,140 


2,760 
1,500 
i, 080 


21  pd 
2,100 


APPENDIX  2 
CLASSIFICATION  OF  ACTIVITIES 

EXPLANATORY  NOTE 

The  Classifications  of  Activities  have  for  their  purpose  to 
list  and  classify  in  all  practicable  detail  the  specific  activities 
engaged  in  by  the  several  services  of  the  national  government. 
Such  statements  are  of  value  from  a  number  of  standpoints. 
They  furnish,  in  the  first  place,  the  most  effective  showing  that 
can  be  made  in  brief  compass  of  the  character  of  work  per- 
formed by  the  service  to  which  they  relate.  Secondly,  they 
lay  the  basis  for  a  system  of  accounting  and  reporting  that  will 
permit  the  showing  of  total  expenditures  classified  according 
to  activities.  Finally,  taken  collectively,  they  make  possible 
the  preparation  of  a  general  or  consolidated  statement  of  the 
activities  of  the  government  as  a  whole.  Such  a  statement  will 
reveal  in  detail,  not  only  what  the  government  is  doing,  but  the 
services  in  which  the  work  is  being  performed.  For  example, 
one  class  of  activities  that  would  probably  appear  in  such  a 
classification  is  that  of  "scientific  research."  A  subhead  under 
this  class  would  be  "chemical  research."  Under  this  head 
would  appear  the  specific  lines  of  investigation  under  way  and 
the  services  in  which  they  were  being  prosecuted.  It  is  hardly 
necessary  to  point  out  the  value  of  such  information  in  plan- 
ning for  future  work  and  in  considering  the  problem  of  the 
better  distribution  and  coordination  of  the  work  of  the  govern- 
ment. The  Institute  contemplates  attempting  such  a  general 
listing  and  classification  of  the  activities  of  the  government 
upon  the  completion  of  the  present  series. 


98 


CLASSIFICATION  OF  ACTIVITIES  99 


CLASSIFICATION  OF  ACTIVITIES 

1.  Survey  and  examination  of  irrigable  areas 

1.  Reconnaissance 

2.  Preliminary  Survey 

3.  Examination  of  Reservoir  Sites 

4.  Detail  surveys  and  preparation  of  topographic 

maps 

2.  Design  of  reclamation  works 

3.  Construction  of   reclamation  works    (including  hydro- 

electric and  steam  power  plants,  etc. ) 

1.  Construction  by  force  employed  by  the  Service 

2.  Construction  by  contractor  under  supervision 

of  Service 

3.  Operation  of  messes,  stores,  hospitals,  etc. 

4.  Determination  of  limit  of  area  per  entry 

5.  Operation  and  maintenance  of  irrigation  works  (includ- 

ing hydro-electric  and  steam  power  plants,  etc. ) 

6.  Operation  and  maintenance  of  coal  mines,  railroads,  tele- 

phone, and  transmission  lines 

7.  Imposition  and  collection  of  charges  (for  construction, 

water-rights  and  power) 

8.  Dissemination  of  information  to  water  users  and  prospec- 

tive settlers 

1.  In  regard  to  terms  and  conditions  of  settlement 

on  projects 

2.  In  regard  to  agricultural  problems  of  arid  and 

irrigated  lands 

9.  Research  into  action  of  alkali  on  concrete. 


APPENDIX  3 
PUBLICATIONS 

Regular  Publications.  The  only  publications  regularly  issued  by 
the  Reclamation  Service  are  its  annual  report  and  the  monthly 
periodical  known  as  the  "Reclamation  Record." 

Annual  Report.  This  report  gives  general  information  regarding 
the  work  of  the  Service  during  the  fiscal  year  to  which  it  relates, 
giving  a  brief  history  of  construction  and  operation  of  each  project. 
In  addition,  the  later  reports  contain  an  appendix  largely  devoted 
to  statistical  data.  The  fifteenth  report  contains  a  history  of  the 
construction  of  each  project  from  the  beginning  of  work  to  June 
30,  1916.  A  limited  number  of  the  annual  reports  are  distributed 
free  by  the  Service.  The  reports  are  also  sold  by  the  Superintendent 
of  Documents  at  prices  varying  from  20  to  30  cents  for  paper 
binding  and  from  80  cents  to  $1.25  for  cloth. 

Reclamation  Record.  The  Reclamation  Record  is  issued  monthly 
and  usually  contains  about  48  pages.  It  gives  an  account  of  the 
construction,  operation,  and  maintenance  work  of  the  Service,  and 
contains  many  illustrated  articles  of  interest  to  the  water  users  on  the 
projects  and  to  others  having  to  do  with  irrigation  matters.  The 
Record  is  sent  free  to  all  water  users  on  the  projects  and  to  a 
selected  list  of  other  individuals.  To  others  the  price  is  50  cents  a 
year,  payable  in  advance.  Subscriptions  are  received  by  the  Recla- 
mation Service. 

Occasional  Publications.  From  time  to  time  the  Service  publishes 
pamphlets,  books  and  maps  incidental  to  its  work.  These  are  de- 
scribed below  under  the  following  heads : 

1.  Reports  of  Investigations. 

2.  Information   for  water  users   and   for  prospective   settlers  on 

Reclamation  projects. 

3.  Manual  of  the  Service. 

4.  Engineering  Publications. 

5.  List  of  Publications. 

Reports  of  Investigations  in  Cooperation  with  States.  The  Re- 
clamation Service  has  made  a  number  of  investigations  of  proposed 
irrigation  projects  in  cooperation  with  the  states.  It  has  published 
reports  of  its  investigations  in  the  case  of  the  following  projects : 

California : 

Iron  Canyon  project 
Pit  River  Basin 
Lower  Pit  River  project 

100 


PUBLICATIONS  101 

Oregon : 

Deschutes  project 

Ochoco  and  Crooked  River  investigations 
Silver  Lake  project 
John  Day  project 

Rogue  River  Valley  and  Willamette  Valley  projects 
Malheur  and  Owyhee  projects 
Harney  and  Silver  Creek  projects 
Warner  Valley  and  White  River  projects 

These  reports  include  a  discussion  of  the  water  supply,  storage, 
stream  flow,  flood  control,  reservoirs,  dams,  canals  and  distribution 
systems,  water  power  development,  estimated  costs,  irrigable  area, 
rights  of  way,  alkali,  seepage,  drainage,  crops  and  crop  values.  These 
reports  are  distributed  free  by  the  Service. 

Information  for  Water  Users  and  for  Prospective  Settlers  on 
Reclamation  Projects.  The  publications  of  this  kind  fall  under  two 
heads,  those  giving  information  relative  to  the  terms  and  conditions 
of  settlement  on  the  projects  and  those  treating  of  the  agricultural 
problems  encountered  on  arid  and  irrigated  lands. 
Under  the  first  head  may  be  listed: 

1.  General    Reclamation    Circular.     This    circular    includes    a 
compilation  of  all  of  the  laws  and  regulations  relating  to  the 
reclamation  of  arid  lands  by  the  United  States,  especially  apply- 
ing to  Reclamation  Homestead  entries,  and  water  right  appli- 
cants and  regulations  thereunder.     It  does  not  contain  the  gen- 
eral homestead  law,  most  of  which  also  applies  to  Reclamation 
Homestead   entries.      This    circular   is    distributed    free   by   the 
Service. 

2.  Settlement    Pamphlets.     These   pamphlets   are   intended   to 
give  specific  information  as  to  the  local  conditions  on  each  of 
the  reclamation  projects,  such  as  size  of  farms,  climate,  altitude, 
water  supply,  soils,  cost  of  clearing  lands,  crops,  markets,  etc. 
A  general  illustrated  pamphlet  is  issued  covering  all  the  projects 
and  a  separate  pamphlet  is  also  issued  for  each  of  the  projects 
with  few  exceptions.     These  pamphlets  are  distributed  free  by 
the  Service. 

^^3.  Topographic  Maps  of  Irrigation  Canals.     These  maps  are 
sold  by  the  Service  at  prices  ranging  from  50  cents  to  $2.00. 

4.  Organization  of  Water  Users'  Associations.  This  is  a 
pamphlet  issued  by  the  Reclamation  Service  for  the  information 
of  water  users.  It  makes  suggestions  as  to  the  articles  of  in- 
corporation and  form  of  organization.  This  pamphlet  is  dis- 
tributed free  by  the  Service. 

Under  the  head  of  general  information  relative  to  the  prob- 
lems of  farming  on  arid  and  irrigated  lands,  the  Service  has  to  date 
issued  several  pamphlets  treating  of  such  matters  as  the  capital 
required  by  the  irrigator,  the  prices,  values  and  profits  of  irrigated 
lands,  production  cost  and  returns  from  farm  animals,  etc.  These 
pamphlets  are  distributed  free  by  the  Service. 

Manual  of  the  Reclamation  Service.     This  manual,  which  covers 


102        THE  U.  S.  RECLAMATION  SERVICE 

the  laws,  rules,  regulations,  and  practices  of  the  Service,  is  published 
in  loose-leaf  form  in  two  volumes,  volume  one  relating  to  the  ad- 
ministrative, engineering,  legal  and  operation  and  maintenance  work 
of  the  Service  and  volume  two  to  the  accounting  procedure.  Each 
volume  of  the  manual  is  sold  by  the  Service  at  $3.00  with  the  binder. 
Engineering  Publications.  The  Service  has  issued  from  time  to 
time  a  variety  of  publications  designed  to  make  available  to  the  engi- 
neering profession  the  technical  data  and  practices  developed  by  it 
in  the  course  of  its  work.  These  publications  may  be  listed  under  the 
following  heads: 

1.  Hydraulic  and  Excavation  Tables. 

2.  Tables  for  Reenforced  Concrete. 

3.  Measurement  of  Irrigation  Water. 

4.  Specimen  Field  Notes  and  Plats. 

5.  Special  Drawings.     (These  drawings  cover  such  topics  as 
sluicing  gates,  types  of  cylinder  dams,  types  of  movable  dam 
crest,  etc.) 

6.  Standard  Designs. 

7.  Standard  Specifications. 

8.  Specifications  and  Drawings. 

9.  List  of  Engineering  Articles. 

The  list  of  engineering  articles  is  supplied  free.  All  other  engin- 
eering publications  in  the  above  list  are  sold  by  the  Service  at  prices 
ranging  from  10  cents  to  $1.00. 

List  of  Publications.  From  time  to  time  the  Service  has  issued  in 
pamphlet  form  a  list  of  all  the  publications  issued  by  it.  The  latest 
list  is  that  published  in  August,  1916,  and  is  supplied  free  by  the 
Service.  A  revised  list  is  in  process  of  printing.  (Jan.  1918). 


APPENDIX  4 


MAJOR  EQUIPMENT  FOR  ALL  PROJECTS  ON  JUNE  30,  1917 


Air  compressors  24 

Automobiles    168 

Boats    43 

Boilers 78 

Cableways   7 

Cars,  standard  gage 221 

narrow  gage 390 

concrete    85 

Carts,  dump   63 

other    123 

Concrete  mixers   85 

Derricks,  stiff  leg 41 

guy    31 

Dredges   2 

Drills,  diamond   9 

well    8 

air  and  steam 138 

electric    8 

Engines,  gasoline   107 

steam    79 

Excavators,  dragline   ....  22 

other    10 

Graders,  electrical   28 

elevating   7 


Graders,  road    ,.;. 23 

Electrical  plants   14 

Horses  and  mules 1185 

Hydraulic  rams  13 

Locomotives,  elec 9 

steam    26 

Motorcycles    40 

Motors,  electric  121 

Pile   drivers    28 

Plows   505 

Pumps    346 

Rock  crushers   15 

Scrapers,  fresno   902 

slip    1270 

wheel    368 

Sleighs  and  sleds 68 

Spring  wagons  &  buggies  185 

Sprinklers    3 

Steam  shovels    12 

Traction   engines    1 1 

Wagons,   dump    123 

hvy.   freight    . . .  262 

light  freight  ...  263 


103 


APPENDIX  5 
LAWS 

1902 — Act  of  June  17,  1902  (32  Stat.,  388) — An  act  appropriating 
the  receipts  from  the  sale  and  disposal  of  public  lands  in  cer- 
tain States  and  Territories  to  the  construction  of  irrigation 
works  for  the  reclamation  of  arid  lands.  (The  Reclamation 
Act) 

That  all  moneys  received  from  the  sale  and  disposal  of  public 
lands  in  Arizona,  California,  Colorado,  Idaho,  Kansas,  Montana, 
Nebraska,  Nevada,  New  Mexico,  North  Dakota,  Oklahoma,  Oregon, 
South  Dakota,  Utah,  Washington,  and  Wyoming,1  beginning  with 
the  fiscal  year  ending  June  thirtieth,  nineteen  hundred  and  one, 
including  the  surplus  of  fees  and  commissions  in  excess  of  allow- 
ances to  registers  and  receivers,  and  excepting  the  five  per  centum 
of  the  proceeds  of  the  sales  of  public  lands  in  the  above  States  set 
aside  by  law  for  educational  and  other  purposes,  shall  be,  and  the 
same  are  hereby,  reserved,  set  aside,  and  appropriated  as  a  special 
fund  in  the  Treasury  to  be  known  as  the  "reclamation  fund,"  to  be 
used  in  the  examination  and  survey  for  and  the  construction  and 
maintenance  of  irrigation  works  for  the  storage,  diversion,  and 
development  of  waters  for  the  reclamation  of  arid  and  semiarid 
lands  in  the  said  States  and  Territories,  and  for  the  payment  of  all 
other  expenditures  provided  for  in  this  act:  Provided,  That  in  case 
the  receipts  from  the  sale  and  disposal  of  public  lands  other  than 
those  realized  from  the  sale  and  disposal  of  lands  referred  to  in 
this  section  are  insufficient  to  meet  the  requirements  for  the  support 
of  agricultural  colleges  in  the  several  States  and  Territories,  under 
the  act  of  August  thirtieth,  eighteen  hundred  and  ninety,  entitled 
"An  act  to  apply  a  portion  of  the  proceeds  of  the  public  lands  to  the 
more  complete  endowment  and  support  of  the  colleges  for  the  bene- 
fit of  agriculture  and  the  mechanic  arts,  established  under  the 
provisions  of  an  act  of  Congress  approved  July  second,  eighteen 
hundred  and  sixty-two/'  the  deficiency,  if  any,  in  the  sum  neces- 
sary for  the  support  of  the  said  colleges  shall  be  provided  for  from 
any  moneys  in  the  Treasury  not  otherwise  appropriated. 

Sec.  2.  That  the  Secretary  of  the  Interior  is  hereby  authorized 
and  directed  to  make  examinations  and  surveys  for,  and  to  locate 
and  construct,  as  herein  provided,  irrigation  works  for  the  storage, 
diversion,  and  development  of  waters,  including  artesian  wells,  and 
to  report  to  Congress  at  the  beginning  of  each  regular  session  as  to 
the  results  of  such  examinations  and  surveys,  giving  estimates  of 

*See  below  act  of  June  12,  1006,  extending  this  act  to  the  State  of 
Texas. 

104 


LAWS  105 

cost  of  all  contemplated  works,  the  quantity  and  location  of  the 
lands  which  can  be  irrigated  therefrom,  and  all  facts  relative  to  the 
practicability  of  each  irrigation  project;  also  the  cost  of  works  in 
process  of  construction  as  well  as  of  those  which  have  been  com- 
pleted. 

Sec.  3.  That  the  Secretary  of  the  Interior  shall,  before  giving  the 
public  notice  provided  for  in  section  four  of  this  act,  withdraw 
from  public  entry  the  lands  required  for  any  irrigation  works  con- 
templated under  the  provisions  of  this  act,  and  shall  restore  to  public 
entry  any  of  the  lands  so  withdrawn  when,  in  his  judgment,  such 
lands  are  not  required  for  the  purposes  of  this  act ;  and  the  Secretary 
of  the  Interior  is  hereby  authorized,  at  or  immediately  prior  to  the 
time  of  beginning  the  surveys  for  any  contemplated  irrigation  works, 
to  withdraw  from  entry,  except  under  the  homestead  laws,  any  public 
lands  believed  to  be  susceptible  of  irrigation  from  said  works: 
Provided,  That  all  lands  entered  and  entries  made  under  the  home- 
stead laws  within  areas  so  withdrawn  during  such  withdrawal  shall 
be  subject  to  all  the  provisions,  limitations,  charges,  terms,  and  con- 
ditions of  this  act;  that  said  surveys  shall  be  prosecuted  diligently 
to  completion,  and  upon  the  completion  thereof,  and  of  the  necessary 
maps,  plans  and  estimates  of  cost,  the  Secretary  of  the  Interior  shall 
determine  whether  or  not  said  project  is  practicable  and  advisable, 
and  if  determined  to  be  impracticable  or  unadvisable  he  shall  there- 
upon restore  said  lands  to  entry;  that  public  lands  which  it  is 
proposed  to  irrigate  by  means  of  any  contemplated  works  shall  be 
subject  to  entry  only  under  the  provisions  of  the  homestead  laws  in 
"tracts  of  not  less  than  forty1  nor  more  than  one  hundred  and  sixty 
acres,  and  shall  be  subject  to  the  limitations,  charges,  terms,  and 
conditions  herein  provided:  Provided,  That  the  commutation  pro- 
visions of  the  homestead  laws  shall  not  apply  to  entries  made  under 
this  act. 

Sec.  4.  That  upon  the  determination  by  the  Secretary  of  the 
Interior  that  any  irrigation  project  is  practicable,  he  may  cause  to 
be  let  contracts  for  the  construction  of  the  same,  in  such  portions  or 
sections  as  it  may  be  practicable  to  construct  and  complete  as  parts 
of  the  whole  project,  providing  the  necessary  funds  for  such  portions 
or  sections  are  available  in  the  reclamation  fund,  and  thereupon  he 
shall  give  public  notice  of  the  lands  irrigable  under  such  project, 
and  limit  of  area  per  entry,  which  limit  shall  represent  the  acreage 
which,  in  the  opinion  of  the  Secretary,  may  be  reasonably  required 
for  the  support  of  a  family  upon  the  lands  in  question;  also  of  the 
charges  which  shall  be  made  per  acre  upon  the  said  entries,  and 
upon  lands  in  private  ownership  which  may  be  irrigated  by  the 
waters  of  the  said  irrigation  project,  and  the  number  of  annual 
installments,  not  exceeding  ten,  in  which  such  charges  shall  be  paid 
and  the  time  when  such  payments  shall  commence.  The  said  charges 
shall  be  determined  with  a  view  of  returning  to  the  reclamation 
fund  the  estimated  cost  of  construction  of  the  project,  and  shall  be 
apportioned  equitably:  Provided,  That  in  all  construction  work  eight 

*See  below  act  of  June  27,  1906,  Sec  1,  authorizing  Secretary  of  the 
Interior  to  establish  a  minimum  of  ten  acres. 


io6        THE  U.  S.  RECLAMATION  SERVICE 

hours  shall  constitute  a  day's  work,  and  no  Mongolian  labor  shall  be 
employed  thereon. 

Sec.  5.  That  the  entryman  upon  lands  to  be  irrigated  by  such 
works  shall,  in  addition  to  compliance  with  the  homestead  laws, 
reclaim  at  least  one-half  of  the  total  irrigable  area  of  his  entry  for 
agricultural  purposes,  and  before  receiving  patent  for  the  lands 
covered  by  his  entry  shall  pay  to  the  Government  the  charges  appor- 
tioned against  such  tract,  as  provided  in  section  four.  No  right 
to  the  use  of  water  for  land  in  private  ownership  shall  be  sold  for  a 
tract  exceeding  one  hundred  and  sixty  acres  to  any  one  landowner, 
and  no  such  sale  shall  be  made  to  any  landowner  unless  he  be  an 
actual  bona  fide  resident  on  such  land,  or  occupant  thereof  residing 
in  the  neighborhood  of  said  land,  and  no  such  right  shall  permanently 
attach  until  all  payments  therefor  are  made.  The  annual  install- 
ments shall  be  paid  to  the  receiver  of  the  local  land  office  of  the 
district  in  which  the  land  is  situated,  and  a  failure  to  make  any 
two  payments  when  due  shall  render  the  entry  subject  to  cancella- 
tion, with  the  forfeiture  of  all  rights  under  this  act,  as  well  as 
of  any  moneys  already  paid  thereon.  All  moneys  received  from  the 
above  sources  shall  be  paid  into  the  reclamation  fund.  Registers 
and  receivers  shall  be  allowed  the  usual  commissions  on  all  moneys 
•paid  for  lands  entered  under  this  act. 

Sec.  6.  That  the  Secretary  of  the  Interior  is  hereby  authorized  and 
directed  to  use  the  reclamation  fund  for  the  operation  ^and  mainte- 
nance, of  all  reservoirs  and  irrigation  works  construed  under  the 
provisions  of  this  act:  Provided,  That  w"hen  the  payments  required 
by  this  act  are  made  for  the  major  portion  of  the  lands  irrigated 
from  the  waters  of  any  of  the  works  herein  provided  for,  then  the 
management  and  operation  of  such  irrigation  works  shall  pass  to 
the  owners  of  the  lands  irrigated  thereby,  to  be  maintained  at  their 
expense  under  such  form  of  organization  and  under  such  rules 
and  regulations  as  may  be  acceptable  to  the  Secretary  of  the  Interior : 
Provided,  That  the  title  to  and  the  management  and  operation  of  the 
reservoirs  and  the  works  necessary  for  their  protection  and  opera- 
tion shall  remain  in  the  Government  until  otherwise  provided  by 
Congress. 

Sec.  7.  That  where  in  carrying  out  the  provisions  of  this  act  it 
becomes  necessary  to  acquire  any  rights  or  property,  the  Secretary  of 
the  Interior  is  hereby  authorized  to  acquire  the  same  for  the  United 
States  by  purchase  or  by  condemnation  under  judicial  process,  and  to 
pay  from  the  reclamation  fund  the  sums  which  may  be  needed  for 
that  purpose,  and  it  shall  be  the  duty  of  the  Attorney  General  of  the 
United  States  upon  every  application  of  the  Secretary  of  the  Interior, 
under  this  act,  to  cause  proceedings  to  be  commenced  for  condemna- 
tion within  thirty  days  from  the  receipt  of  the  application  at  the 
Department  of  Justice. 

Sec.  '8.  That  nothing  in  this  act  shall  be  construed  as  affecting 
or  intended  to  affect  or  to  in  any  way  interfere  with  the  laws  of  any 
State  or  Territory  relating  to  the  control,  appropriation,  use,  or 
distribution  of  water  used  in  irrigation,  or  any  vested  right  acquired 
thereunder,  and  the  Secretary  of  the  Interior,  in  carrying  out  the 


LAWS  107 

provisions  of  this  act,  shall  proceed  in  conformity  with  such  laws, 
and  nothing  herein  shall  in  any  way  affect  any  right  of  any  State 
or  of  the  Federal  Government  or  of  any  landowner,  appropriator, 
or  user  of  water  in,  to,  or  from  any  interstate  stream  or  the  waters 
thereof:  Provided,  That  the  right  to  the  use  of  water  acquired 
under  the  provisions  of  this  act  shall  be  appurtenant  to  the  land 
irrigated  and  beneficial  use  shall  be  the  basis,  the  measure,  and  the 
limit  of  the  right. 

Sec.  9.   [Repealed   by   section  6,   act   of  June  25,    1910,  36   Stat., 

835.]  * 

Sec.  10.  That  the  Secretary  of  the  Interior  is  hereby  authorized 
to  perform  any  and  all  acts  and  to  make  such  rules  and  regulations 
as  may  be  necessary  and  proper  for  the  purpose  of  carrying  the 
provisions  of  this  act  into  full  force  and  effect. 

1905 — Act  of  February  8,  1905  (33  Stat.,  706) — An  act  authorizing 
the  use  of  earth,  stone  and  timber  on  the  public  lands  and 
forest  reserves  of  the  United  States  in  the  construction  of 
works  under  the  national  irrigation  law. 

That  in  carrying  out  the  provisions  of  the  national  irrigation  law, 
approved  June  seventeenth,  nineteen  hundred  and  two,  and  in  con- 
structing works  thereunder,  the  Secretary  of  the  Interior  is  hereby 
authorized  to  use  and  to  permit  the  use  by  those  engaged  in  the  con- 
struction of  works  under  said  law,  under  rules  and  regulations  to  be 
prescribed  by  him,  such  earth,  stone,  and  timber  from  the  public 
lands  of  the  United  States  as  may  be  required  in  the  construction 
of  such  works,  and  the  Secretary  of  Agriculture  is  hereby  authorized 
to  permit  the  use  of  earth,  stone,  and  timber  from  the  forest  re- 
serves of  the  United  States  for  the  same  purpose,  under  rules  and 
regulations  to  be  prescribed  by  him. 

1905— Act  of  March  3,  1905  (33  Stat.,  1032)— An  act  to  provide 
for  the  covering  into  the  reclamation  fund  certain  proceeds 
of  sales  of  property  purchased  by  the  reclamation  fund. 

That  there  shall  be  covered  into  the  reclamation  fund  established 

JThe  repealed  section  reads  as  follows: 

"That  it  is  hereby  declared  to  be  the  duty  of  the  Secretary  of  the 
Interior  in  carrying  out  the  provisions  of  this  act,  so  far  as  the  same 
may  be  practicable  and  subject  to  the  existence  of  feasible  irrigation 
projects,  to  expend  the  major  portion  of  the  funds  arising  from  the 
sale  of  public  lands  within  each  State  and  Territory  hereinbefore  named 
for  the  benefit  of  arid  and  semi-arid  lands  within  the  limits  of  such  State 
or  Territory:  Provided,  that  the  Secretary  may  temporarily  use  such  par- 
ticular State  or  Territory  hereinbefore  named  as  he  may  deem  advisable, 
but  when  so  used  the  excess  shall  be  restored  to  the  fund  as  soon  as 
practicable,  to  the  end  that  ultimately,  and  in  any  event,  within  each 
ten-year  period  after  the  passage  of  this  act,  the  expenditures  for  the 
benefit  of  the  said  States  and  Territories  shall  be  equalized  according  to 
the  proportions  and  subject  to  the  conditions  as  to  practicability  and 
feasibility  aforesaid." 


io8        THE  U.  S.  RECLAMATION  SERVICE 

under  the  act  of  June  seventeenth,  nineteen  hundred  and  two,  known 
as  the  reclamation  act,  the  proceeds  of  the  sales  of  material  utilized 
for  temporary  work  and  structures  in  connection  with  the  operations 
under  the  said  act,  as  well  as  of  the  sales  of  all  other  condemned 
property  which  had  been  purchased  under  the  provisions  thereof, 
and  also  any  moneys  refunded  in  connection  with  the  operations 
under  said  reclamation  act. 

1906 — Act  of  April  16,  1906  (34  Stat,  116) — An  act  providing  for 
the  withdrawal  from  public  entry  of  lands  needed  for  town- 
site  purposes  in  connection  with  irrigation  projects  under  the 
reclamation  act  of  June  17,  1902,  and  for  other  purposes. 

That  the  Secretary  of  the  Interior  may  withdraw  from  public 
entry  any  lands  needed  for  town-site  purposes  in  connection  with 
irrigation  projects  under  the  reclamation  act  of  June  seventeenth, 
nineteen  hundred  and  two,  not  exceeding  one  hundred  and  sixty 
acres  in  each  case,  and  survey  and  subdivide  the  same  into  town 
lots,  with  appropriate  reservations  for  public  purposes. 

Sec.  2.  That  the  lots  so  surveyed  shall  be  appraised  under  the 
direction  of  the  Secretary  of  the  Interior  and  sold  under  his  direction 
at  not  less  than  their  appraised  value  at  public  auction  to  the  highest 
bidders,  from  time  to  time,  for  cash,  and  the  lots  offered  for  sale 
and  not  disposed  of  may  afterwards  be  sold  at  not  less  than  the 
appraised  value  under  such  regulations  as  the  Secretary  of  the 
Interior  may  prescribe.  Reclamation  funds  may  be  used  to  defray 
the  necessary  expenses  of  appraisement  and  sale,  and  the  proceeds 
of  such  sales  shall  be  covered  into  the  reclamation  fund. 

Sec.  3.  That  the  public  reservations  in  such  town  sites  shall  be 
improved  and  maintained  by  the  town  authorities  at  the  expense  of 
the  town;  and  upon  the  organization  thereof  as  municipal  corpor- 
ations the  said  reservations  shall  be  conveyed  to  such  corporations 
by  the  Secretary  of  the  Interior,  subject  to  the  condition  that  they 
shall  be  used  forever  for  public  purposes. 

Sec.  4.  That  the  Secretary  of  the  Interior  shall,  in  accordance 
with  the  provisions  of  the  reclamation  act,  provide  for  water  rights 
in  amount  he  may  deem  necessary  for  the  towns  established  as 
herein  provided,  and  may  enter  into  contract  with  the  proper  authori- 
ties of  such  towns,  and  other  towns  or  cities  on  or  in  the  immediate 
vicinity  of  irrigation  projects,  which  shall  have  a  water  right  from 
the  same  source  as  that  of  said  project  for  the  delivery  of  such 
water  supply  to  some  convenient  point,  and  for  the  payment  into  the 
reclamation  fund  of  charges  for  the  same  to  be  paid  by  such  towns 
or  cities,  which  charges  shall  not  be  less  nor  upon  terms  more 
favorable  than  those  fixed  by  the  Secretary  of  the  Interior  for  the 
irrigation  project  from  which  the  water  is  taken. 

Sec.  5.  That  whenever  a  development  of  power  is  necessary  for 
the  irrigation  of  lands  under  any  project  undertaken  under  the 
said  reclamation  act,  or  an  opportunity  is  afforded  for  the  develop- 
ment of  power  under  any  such  project,  the  Secretary  of  the  Interior 
is  authorized  to  lease  for  a  period  not  exceeding  ten  years,  giving 
preference  to  municipal  purposes,  any  surplus  power  or  power  privi- 


LAWS  109 

lege,  and  the  moneys  derived  from  such  leases  shall  be  covered 
into  the  reclamation  fund  and  be  placed  to  the  credit  of  the  project 
from  which  such  power  is  derived:  Provided,  That  no  lease  shall  be 
made  of  such  surplus  power  or  power  privilege  as  will  impair  the 
efficiency  of  the  irrigation  project. 

1906 — Act  of  June  12,  1906  (34  Stat,  259) — An  act  to  extend  the 
irrigation  act  to  the  State  of  Texas. 

That  the  provisions  of  the  act  entitled  "An  act  appropriating  the 
receipts  from  the  sale  and  disposal  of  public  lands  in  certain  States 
and  Territories  to  the  construction  of  irrigation  works  for  the  re- 
clamation of  arid  lands,"  approved  June  seventeenth,  nineteen 
hundred  and  two,  be,  and  the  same  are  hereby,  extended  so  as  to 
include  and  apply  to  the  State  of  Texas. 

1906 — Act  of  June  27,  1906  (34  Stat.,  519) — An  act  providing  for  the 
subdivision  of  lands  entered  under  the  reclamation  act,  and 
for  other  purposes. 

That  whenever,  in  the  opinion  of  the  Secretary  of  the  Interior, 
by  reason  of  market  conditions  and  the  special  fitness  of  the  soil 
and  climate  for  the  growth  of  fruit  and  garden  produce,  a  lesser 
area  than  forty  acres  may  be  sufficient  for  the  support  of  a  family  on 
lands  to  be  irrigated  under  the  provisions  of  the  act  of  June  seven- 
teenth, nineteen  hundred  and  two,  known  as  the  reclamation  act, 
he  may  fix  a  lesser  area  than  forty  acres  as  the  minimum  entry  and 
may  establish  farm  units  of  not  less  than  ten  nor  more  than  one 
hundred  and  sixty  acres.  That  wherever  it  may  be  necessary,  for  the 
purpose  of  accurate  description,  to  further  subdivide  lands  to  be 
irrigated  under  the  provisions  of  said  reclamation  act,  the  Secre- 
tary of  the  Interior  may  cause  subdivision  surveys  to  be  made 
by  the  officers  of  the  Reclamation  Service,  which  subdivisions  shall 
be  rectangular  in  form,  except  in  cases  where  irregular  subdivisions 
may  be  necessary  in  order  to  provide  for  practicable  and  eco- 
nomical irrigation.  Such  subdivision  surveys  shall  be  noted  upon 
the  tract  books  in  the  General  Land  Office,  and  they  shall  be  paid 
for  from  the  reclamation  fund:  Provided,  That  an  entryman  may 
elect  to  enter  under  said  reclamation  act  a  lesser  area  than  the  mini- 
mum limit  in  any  State  or  Territory. 

I9o8 — Act  of  Apr.  30,  1908  (35  Stat.,  70) — An  act  making  appro- 
priations for  the  current  and  contingent  expenses  of  the 
Indian  Department,  for  fulfilling  treaty  stipulations  with 
various  Indian  tribes,  and  for  other  purposes,  for  the  fiscal 
year  ending  June  30,  1909. 

That  in  carrying  out  any  irrigation  project  which  may  be  under- 
taken under  the  provisions  of  the  act  of  June  seventeenth,  nineteen 
hundred  and  two  (Thirty-second  Statutes,  page  three  hundred  and 
eighty-eight),  known  as  the  reclamation  act,  and  which  may  make 
possible,  and  provide  for,  in  connection  with  the  reclamation  of  other 
lands,  the  irrigation  of  all  or  any  part  of  the  irrigable  lands  hereto- 


no        THE  U.  S.  RECLAMATION  SERVICE 

fore  included  in  allotments  made  to  Indians  under  the  fourth  section 
of  the  general  allotment  act,  the  Secretary  of  the  Interior  be,  and 
he  hereby  is,  authorized  to  make  such  arrangement  and  agreement  in 
reference  thereto  as  said  Secretary  deems  for  the  best  interest  of 
the  Indians:  Provided,  That  no  lien  or  charge  for  construction, 
operation,  or  maintenance  shall  thereby  be  created  against  any  such 
reserved  lands:  And  provided  further,  That  to  meet  the  necessary 
cost  of  carrying  out  this  legislation  the  Secretary  of  the  Interior  is 
authorized  to  expend,  out  of  the  sum  appropriated  in  this  act  for 
irrigation,  an  amount  not  exceeding  $13,000. 

1910 — Act  of  June  25,  1910  (36  Stat,  835) — An  act  to  authorize 
advances  to  the  "reclamation  fund,"  and  for  the  issue  and  dis- 
posal of  certificates  of  indebtedness  in  reimbursement  there- 
for, and  for  other  purposes. 

That  to  enable  the  Secretary  of  the  Interior  to  complete  Govern- 
ment reclamation  projects  heretofore  begun,  the  Secretary  of  the 
Treasury  is  authorized,  upon  request  of  the  Secretary  of  the  Interior, 
to  transfer  from  time  to  time  to  the  credit  of  the  reclamation  fund 
created  by  the  act  entitled  "An  act  appropriating  the  receipts  from 
the  sale  and  disposal  of  public  lands  in  certain  States  and  Territories 
to  the  construction  of  irrigation  works  for  the  reclamation  of  arid 
lancis,"  approved  June  seventeenth,  nineteen  hundred  and  two,  such 
sum  or  sums,  not  exceeding  in  the  aggregate  $20,000,000,  as  the 
Secretary  of  the  Interior  may  deem  necessary  to  complete  the  said 
reclamation  projects,  and  such  extensions  thereof  as  he  may  deem 
proper  and  necessary  to  the  successful  and  profitable  operation  and 
maintenance  thereof  or  to  protect  water  rights  pertaining  thereto 
claimed  by  the  United  States,  provided  the  same  shall  be  approved 
by  the  President  of  the  United  States ;  and  such  sum  or  sums  as  may 
be  required  to  comply  with  the  foregoing  authority  are  hereby  appro- 
priated out  of  any  money  in  the  Treasury  not  otherwise  appropriated : 
Provided,  That  the  sums  hereby  authorized  to  be  transferred  to  the 
reclamation  fund  shall  be  so  transfer  red  *only  as  such  sums  shall  be 
actually  needed  to  meet  payments  for  work  performed  under  existing 
law:  And  provided  further,  That  all  sums  so  transferred  shall  be 
reimbursed  to  the  Treasury  from  the  reclamation  fund,  as  herein- 
after provided:  And  provided  further,  That  no  part  of  this  appro- 
priation shall  be  expended  upon  any  existing  project  until  it  shall 
have  been  examined  and  reported  upon  by  a  board  of  engineer 
officers  of  the  Army,  designated  by  the  President  of  the  United 
States,  and  until  it  shall  be  approved  by  the  President  as  feasible 
and  practicable  and  worthy  of  such  expenditure;  nor  shall  any  por- 
tion of  this  appropriation  be  expended  upon  any  new  project. 

Sec.  2.  That  for  the  purpose  of  providing  the  Treasury  with  funds 
for  such  advances  to  the  reclamation  fund,  the  Secretary  of  the 
Treasury  is  authorized  to  issue  certificates  of  indebtedness  of  the 
United  States  in  such  form  as  he  may  prescribe  and  in  denominations 
of  $50,  or  multiples  of  that  sum;  said  certificates  to  be  redeemable 
at  the  option  of  the  United  States  at  any  time  after  three  years  from 
the  date  of  their  issue  and  to  be  payable  five  years  after  such  date, 


LAWS  in 

and  to  bear  interest,  payable  semiannually,  at  not  exceeding  three  per 
centum  per  annum;  the  principal  and  interest  to  be  payable  in  gold 
coin  of  the  United  States.  The  certificates  of  indebtedness  herein 
authorized  may  be  disposed  of  by  the  Secretary  of  the  Treasury  at 
not  less  than  par,  under  such  rules  and  regulations  as  he  may  pre- 
scribe, giving  all  citizens  of  the  United  States  an  equal  opportunity 
to  subscribe  therefor,  but  no  commission  shall  be  allowed  and  the 
aggregate  issue  of  such  certificates  shall  not  exceed  the  amount 
of  all  advances  made  to  said  reclamation  fund,  and  in  no  event  shall 
the  same  exceed  the  sum  of  $20,000,000.  The  certificates  of  in- 
debtedness herein  authorized  shall  be  exempt  from  taxes  or  duties 
of  the  United  States  as  well  as  from  taxation  in  any  form  by  or 
under  State,  municipal,  or  local  authority;  and  a  sum  not  exceeding 
one-tenth  of  one  per  centum  of  the  amount  of  the  certificates  of 
indebtedness  issued  under  this  act  is  hereby  appropriated,  out  of  any 
money  in  the  Treasury  not  otherwise  appropriated,  to  pay  the  ex- 
pense of  preparing,  advertising,  and  issuing  the  same. 

Sec.  3.  That  beginning  five  years  after  the  date  of  the  first  advance 
to  the  reclamation  fund  under  this  act,  fifty  per  centum  of  the  annual 
receipts  of  the  reclamation  fund  shall  be  paid  into  the  general  fund 
of  the  Treasury  of  the  United  States  until  payments  so  made  shall 
equal  the  aggregate  amount  of  advances  made  by  the  Treasury  to 
said  reclamation  fund,  together  with  interest  paid  on  the  certificates 
of  indebtedness  issued  under  this  act  and  any  expense  incident  to 
preparing,  advertising,  and  issuing  the  same. 

Sec.  4.  That  all  money  placed  to  the  credit  of  the  reclamation 
fund  in  pursuance  of  this  act  shall  be  devoted  exclusively  to  the 
completion  of  work  on  reclamation  projects  heretofore  begun  as 
hereinbefore  provided,  and  the  same  shall  be  included  with  all  other 
expenses  in  future  estimates  of  construction,  operation,  or  mainte- 
nance, and  hereafter  no  irrigation  project  contemplated  by  said  act 
of  June  seventeenth,  nineteen  hundred  and  two,  shall  be  begun  unless 
and  until  the  same  shall  have  been  recommended  by  the  Secretary  of 
the  Interior  and  approved  by  the  direct  order  of  the  President  of 
the  United  States. 

Sec.  5.  [Amended  by  act  of  Feb.  18,  1911  (36  Stat.  L.,  917),  and 
then  by  act  of  Aug.  13,  1914,  Sec.  10,  below]  * 

1  The  original  section  read  as  follows :  "That  no  entry  shall  be  here- 
after made  and  no  entryman  shall  be  permitted  to  go  upon  lands  re- 
served for  irrigation  purposes  until  the  Secretary  of  the  Interior  shall 
have  established  the  unit  of  acreage  and  fixed  the  water  charges  and  the 
date  when  the  water  can  be  applied  and  made  public  announcement  of 
the  same." 

The  act  of  Feb.  18,  1911  added  the  following  proviso:  "Provided,  that 
where  entries  made  prior  to  June  twenty-fifth,  nineteen  hundred  and  ten, 
have  been  or  may  be  relinquished  in  whole  or  in  part,  the  lands  so  re- 
linquished shall  be  subject  to  settlement  and  entry  under  the  homestead 
law  as  amended  by  an  Act  entitled  'An  act  appropriating  the  receipts 
from  the  sale  and  disposal  of  the  public  lands  in  certain  States  and  Terri- 
tories to  the  construction  of  irrigation  works  for  the  reclamation  of  arid 
lands,'  approved  June  seventeenth,  nineteen  hundred  and  two  (Thirty- 
second  Statutes  at  Large,  page  three  hundred  and  eighty-eight);" 


H2        THE  U.  S.  RECLAMATION  SERVICE 

Sec.  6.  That  section  nine  of  said  act  of  Congress,  approved  June 
seventeenth,  nineteen  hundred  and  two,  entitled  "An  act  appro- 
priating the  receipts  from  the  sale  and  disposal  of  public  lands  in 
certain  States  and  Territories  to  the  construction  of  irrigation  works 
for  the  reclamation  of  arid  lands,"  is  hereby  repealed. 

IQII — Act  of  Feb.  2,  1911  (36  Stat.,  895) — An  act  to  provide  for  the 
sale  of  lands  acquired  under  the  provisions  of  the  reclamation 
act  and  which  are  not  needed  for  the  purposes  of  that  act. 

That  whenever  in  the  opinion  of  the  Secretary  of  the  Interior  any 
lands  which  have  been  acquired  under  the  provisions  of  the  act  of 
June  seventeenth,  nineteen  hundred  and  two  (Thirty-second  Statutes, 
page  three  hundred  and  eighty-eight),  commonly  called  the  "re- 
clamation act,"  or  under  the  provisions  of  any  act  amendatory  thereof 
or  supplementary  thereto,  for  any  irrigation  works  contemplated  by 
said  reclamation  act  are  not  needed  for  the  purposes  for  which  they 
were  acquired,  said  Secretary  of  the  Interior  may  cause  said  lands, 
together  with  the  improvements  thereon,  to  be  appraised  by  three 
disinterested  persons,  to  be  appointed  by  him,  and  thereafter  to  sell 
the  same  for  not  less  than  the  appraised  value  at  public  auction  to 
the  highest  bidder,  after  giving  public  notice  of  the  time  and  place 
of  sale  by  posting  upon  the  land  and  by  publication  for  not  less 
than  thirty  days  in  a  newspaper  of  general  circulation  in  the  vicinity 
of  the  land. 

Sec.  2.  That  upon  payment  of  the  purchase  price,  the  Secretary 
of  the  Interior  is  authorized  by  appropriate  deed  to  convey  all  the 
right,  title,  and  interest  of  the  United  States  of,  in,  and  to  said 
lands  to  the  purchaser  at  said  sale,  subject,  however,  to  such  reserva- 
tions, limitations,  or  conditions  as  said  Secretary  may  deem  proper: 
Provided,  That  not  over  one  hundred  and  sixty  acres  shall  be  sold 
to  any  one  person. 

Sec.  3.  That  the  moneys  derived  from  the  sale  of  such  lands  shall 
be  covered  into  the  reclamation  fund  and  be  placed  to  the  credit  of 
the  project  for  which  such  lands  had  been  acquired. 

1911— Act  of  Feb.  13,  1911  (36  Stat,  902)— An  act  to  authorize  the 
Secretary  of  the  Interior  to  withdraw  public  notices  issued 
under  section  4  of  the  reclamation  act,  and  for  other  pur- 
poses.1 

That  the  Secretary  of  the  Interior  may,  in  his  discretion,  with- 
draw any  public  notice  heretofore  issued  under  section  four  of  the 
reclamation  act  of  June  seventeenth,  nineteen  hundred  and  two,  and 
he  may  agree  to  such  modification  of  water-right  applications  hereto- 
fore duly  filed  or  contracts  with  water  users'  associations  and  others, 
entered  into  prior  to  the  passage  of  this  act,  as  he  may  deem  advis- 
able, or  he  may  consent  to  the  abrogation  of  such  water-right  appli- 
cations and  contracts,  and  proceed  in  all  respects  as  if  no  such  notice 
had  been  given. 

1  Popularly  known  as  the  Curtis  Act,  being  so  named  for  Senator 
Charles  Curtis,  of  Kansas. 


LAWS  113 

IQII — Act  of  Feb.  18,  ign  (36  Stat,  917) — An  act  to  amend  section 
5  of  the  act  of  Congress  of  June  25,  1910,  entitled  "An  act  to 
authorize  advances  to  the  'reclamation  fund/  and  for  the 
issue  and  disposal  of  certificates  of  indebtedness  in  reim- 
bursement therefor,  and  for  other  purposes." 

That  section  five  of  an  act  entitled  'An  act  to  authorize  advances 
to  the  'reclamation  fund/  and  for  the  issue  and  disposal  of  certifi- 
cates of  indebtedness  in  reimbursement  therefor,  and  for  other  pur- 
poses," approved  June  twenty-fifth,  nineteen  hundred  and  ten 
(Thirty-six  Statutes  at  Large,  page  eight  hundred  and  thirty-five), 
be,  and  the  same  hereby  is,  amended  as  follows: 

"Sec.  5.  That  no  entry  shall  be  hereafter  made  and  no  entryman 
shall  be  permitted  to  go  upon  lands  reserved  for  irrigation  purposes 
until  the  Secretary  of  the  Interior  shall  have  established  the  unit 
of  acreage  and  fixed  the  water  charges  and  the  date  when  the  water 
can  be  applied  and  make  public  announcement  of  the  same:  Pro- 
vided, That  where  entries  made  prior  to  June  twenty-fifth,  nineteen 
hundred  and  ten,  have  been  or  may  be  relinquished  in  whole  or  in 
part,  the  lands  so  relinquished  shall  be  subject  to  settlement  and 
entry  under  the  homestead  law  as  amended  by  an  Act  entitled  'An 
act  appropriating  the  receipts  from  the  sale  and  disposal  of  the 
public  lands  in  certain  States  and  Territories  to  the  construction  of 
irrigation  works  for  the  reclamation  of  arid  lands/  approved  June 
seventeenth,  nineteen  hundred  and  two."  (Thirty-second  Statutes  at 
Large,  page  three  hundred  and  eighty-eight). 

IQII— Act  of  Feb.  21,  1911  (36  Stat.,  925)— An  act  to  authorize  the 
Government  to  contract  for  impounding,  storing,  and  carriage 
of  water,  and  to  cooperate  in  the  construction  and  use  of 
reservoirs  and  canals  under  reclamation  projects,  and  for  other 
purposes.1 

That  whenever  in  carrying  out  the  provisions  of  the  reclamation 
law,  storage  or  carrying  capacity  has  been  or  may  be  provided  in 
excess  of  the  requirements  of  the  lands  to  be  irrigated  under  any 
project,  the  Secretary  of  the  Interior,  preserving  a  first  right  to 
lands  and  entrymen  under  the  project,  is  hereby  authorized,  upon 
such  terms  as  he  may  determine  to  be  just  and  equitable,  to  contract 
for  the  impounding,  storage,  and  carriage  of  water'  to  an  extent  not 
exceeding  such  excess  capacity  with  irrigation  systems  operating 
under  the  act  of  August  eighteenth,  eighteen  hundred  and  ninety- 
four,  known  as  the  Carey  Act,  and  individuals,  corporations,  asso- 
ciations, and  irrigation  districts  organized  for  or  engaged  in  furnish- 
ing or  in  distributing  water  for  irrigation.  Water  so  impounded, 
stored,  or  carried  under  any  such  contract  shall  be  for  the  purpose 
of  distribution  to  individual  water  users  by  the  party  with  whom 
the  contract  is  made :  Provided,  however,  That  waters  so  impounded, 
stored,  or  carried  shall  not  be  used  otherwise  than  as  prescribed  by 
law  as  to  lands  held  in  private  ownership  within  Government  re- 

1  Popularly  known  as  the  Warren  Act,  being  so  named  for  Senator 
Francis  E.  Warren,  of  Wyoming. 


H4        THE  U.  S.  RECLAMATION  SERVICE 

clamation  projects.  In  fixing  the  charges  under  any  such  contract 
for  impounding,  storing,  or  carrying  water  for  any  irrigation  system, 
corporation,  association,  district,  or  individual,  as  herein  provided, 
the  Secetary  shall  take  into  consideration  the  cost  of  construction  and 
maintenance  of  the  reservoir  by  which  such  water  is  to  be  impounded 
or  stored  and  the  canal  by  which  it  is  to  be  carried,  and  such  charges 
shall  be  just  and  equitable,  as  to  water  users  under  the  Government 
project.  No  irrigation  system,  district,  association,  corporation,  or 
individual  so  contracting  shall  make  any  charge  for  the  storage,  car- 
riage, or  delivery  of  such  water  in  excess  of  the  charge  paid  to  the 
United  States  except  to  such  extent  as  may  be  reasonably  necessary 
to  cover  cost  of  carriage  and  delivery  of  such  water  through  their 
works. 

Sec.  2.  That  in  carrying  out  the  provisions  of  said  reclamation  act 
and  acts  amendatory  thereof  or  supplementary  thereto,  the  Secre- 
tary of  the  Interior  is  authorized,  upon  such  terms  as  may  be 
agreed  upon,  to  cooperate  with  irrigation  districts,  water  users' 
associations,  corporations,  entrymen  or  water  users  for  the  con- 
struction or  use  of  such  reservoirs,  canals,  or  ditches  as  may  be 
advantageously  used  by  the  Government  and  irrigation  districts, 
water  users'  associations,  corporations,  entrymen  or  water  users 
for  impounding,  delivering,  and  carrying  water  for  irrigation  pur- 
poses: Provided,  That  the  title  to  and  management  of  the  works 
so  constructed  shall  be  subject  to  the  provisions  of  section  six  of 
said  act :  Provided  further,  That  water  shall  not  be  furnished  from 
any  such  reservoir  or  delivered  through  any  such  canal  or  ditch 
to  any  one  landowner  in  excess  of  an  amount  sufficient  to  irrigate 
one  hundred  and  sixty  acres:  Provided,  That  nothing  contained  in 
this  act  shall  be  held  or  construed  as  enlarging  or  attempting  to 
enlarge  the  right  of  the  United  States,  under  existing  law,  to  control 
the  waters  of  any  stream  in  any  State. 

Sec.  3.  That  the  moneys  received  in  pursuance  of  such  contracts 
shall  be  covered  into  the  reclamation  fund  and  be  available  for  use 
under  the  terms  of  the  reclamation  act  and  the  acts  amendatory 
thereof  or  supplementary  thereto. 


191 1 — Act  of  Feb.  24,  1911  (36  Stat.,  930) — An  act  to  amend  an 
act  entitled  "An  act  providing  for  the  withdrawal  from  public 
entry  of  lands  needed  for  town-site  purposes  in  connection 
with  irrigation  projects  under  the  reclamation  act  of  June 
17,  1902,  and  for  other  purposes/'  approved  April  17,  1906. 

That  section  five  of  an  act  entitled  "An  act  providing  for  the  with- 
drawal from  public  entry  of  lands  needed  for  town-site  purposes  in 
connection  with  irrigation  projects  under  the  reclamation  act  of 
June  seventeenth,  nineteen  hundred  and  two,  and  for  other  purposes," 
approved  April  sixteenth,  nineteen  hundred  and  six,  be  amended  so 
as  to  read  as  follows: 

"Sec.  5.  That  whenever  a  development  of  power  is  necessary  for 
the  irrigation  of  lands,  under  any  project  undertaken  under  the  said 


LAWS  115 

reclamation  act,  or  an  opportunity  is  afforded  for  the  development 
of  power  under  any  such  project,  the  Secretary  of  the  Interior  is 
authorized  to  lease  for  a  period  not  exceeding  ten  years,  giving 
preference  to  municipal  purposes,  any  surplus  power  or  power 
privilege,  and  the  money  derived  from  such  leases  shall  be  covered 
into  the  reclamation  fund  and  be  placed  to  the  credit  of  the  project 
from  which  such  power  is  derived:  Provided,  That  no  lease  shall 
be  made  of  such  surplus  power  or  power  privileges  as  will  impair 
the  efficiency  of  the  irrigation  project:  Provided  further,  That  the 
Secretary  of  the  Interior  is  authorized,  in  his  discretion,  to  make  such 
a  lease  in  connection  with  Rio  Grande  project  in  Texas  and  New 
Mexico  for  a  longer  period  not  exceeding  fifty  years,  with  the 
approval  of  the  water  users'  association  or  associations  under  any 
such  project,  organized  in  conformity  with  the  rules  and  regula- 
tions prescribed  by  the  Secretary  of  the  Interior  in  pursuance  of 
section  six  of  the  reclamation  act  approved  June  seventeenth,  nine- 
teen hundred  and  two." 

1912— Act  of  Apr.  30,  1912  (37  Star..,  105)— An  act  for  the  relief  of 
homestead  entryrnen  under  the  reclamation  projects  in  the 
United  States. 

That  no  qualified  entryman  who  prior  to  June  twenty-fifth,  nine- 
teen hundred  and  ten,  made  bona  fide  entry  upon  lands  proposed 
to  be  irrigated  under  the  provisions  of  the  act  of  June  seventeenth, 
nineteen  hundred  and  two,  the  national  reclamation  law,  and  who 
established  residence  in  good  faith  upon  the  lands  entered  by  him, 
"Shall  be  subject  to  contest  for  failure  to  maintain  residence  or  make 
improvements  upon  his  land  prior  to  the  time  when  water  is  available 
for  the  irrigation  of  the  lands  embraced  in  his  entry,  but  all  such 
entrymen  shall,  within  ninety  days  after  the  issuance  of  the  public 
notice  required  by  section  four  of  the  reclamation  act,  fixing  the 
date  when  water  will  be  available  for  irrigation,  file  in  the  local 
land  office  a  water-tight  application  for  the  irrigable  lands  embraced 
in  his  entry,  in  conformity  with  the  public  notice  and  approved  farm- 
unit  plat  for  the  township  in  which  his  entry  lies,  and  shall  also  file 
an  affidavit  that  he  has  reestablished  his  residence  on  the  land  with 
the  intention  of  maintaining  the  same  for  a  period  sufficient  to  enable 
him  to  make  final  proof:  Provided,  That  no  such  entryman  shall  be 
entitled  to  have  counted  as  part  of  the  required  period  of  residence 
any  period  of  time  during  which  he  was  not  actually  upon  the  said 
land  prior  to  the  date  of  the  notice  aforesaid,  and  no  application  for 
the  entry  of  said  lands  shall  be  received  until  after  the  expiration  of 
the  ninety  days  after  the  issuance  of  notice  within  which  the  entry- 
man is  hereby  required  to  reestablish  his  residence  and  apply  for 
water  right. 

1912— Act  of  Aug.  9,  1912  (37  Stat.,  265)— An  act  providing  for 
patents  on  reclamation  entries,  and  for  other  purposes. 

That  any  homestead  entryman  under  the  act  of  June  seventeenth, 
nineteen  hundred  and  two,  known  as  the  reclamation  act,  including 


n6        THE  U.  S.  RECLAMATION  SERVICE 

entrymen  on  ceded  Indian  lands,  may,  at  any  time  after  having  com- 
plied with  the  provisions  of  law  applicable  to  such  lands  as  to  resi- 
dence, reclamation,  and  cultivation,  submit  proof  of  such  residence, 
reclamation,  and  cultivation,  which  proof,  if  found  regular  and  satis- 
factory, shall  entitle  the  entryman  to  a  patent,  and  all  purchasers 
of  water-right  certificates  on  reclamation  projects  shall  be  entitled 
to  a  final  water-right  certificate  upon  proof  of  the  cultivation  and 
reclamation  of  the  land  to  which  the  certificate  applies,  to  the  extent 
required  by  the  reclamation  act  for  homestead  entrymen:  Provided, 
That  no  such  patent  or  certificate  shall  issue  until  all  sums  due  the 
United  States  on  account  of  such  land  or  water-right  at  the  time  of 
issuance  of  patent  or  certificate  have  been  paid.1 

Sec.  2.  That  every  patent  and  water-right  certificate  issued  under 
this  act  shall  expressly  reserve  to  the  United  States  a  prior  lien  on 
the  land  patented  or  for  which  water  right  is  certified,  together  with 
all  water  rights  appurtenant  or  belonging  thereto,  superior  to  all 
other  liens,  claims,  or  demands  whatsoever  for  the  payment  of  all 
sums  due  or  to  become  due  to  the  United  States  or  its  successors  in 
control  of  the  irrigation  project  in  connection  with  such  lands  and 
water  rights. 

Upon  default  of  payment  of  any  amount  so  due  title  to  the  land  shall 
pass  to  the  United  States  free  of  all  encumbrance,  subject  to  the 
right  of  the  defaulting  debtor  or  any  mortgagee,  lien  holder,  judg- 
ment debtor,  or  subsequent  purchaser  to  redeem  the  land  within  one 
year  after  the  notice  of  such  default  shall  have  been  given  by  pay- 
ment of  all  moneys  due,  with  eight  per  centum  interest  and  cost. 
And  the  United  States,  at  its  option,  acting  through  the  Secretary 
of  the  Interior,  may  cause  land  to  be  sold  at  any  time  after  such 
failure  to  redeem,  and  from  the  proceeds  of  the  sale  there  shall  be 
paid  into  the  reclamation  fund  all  moneys  due,  with  interest  as  herein 
provided,  and  costs.  The  balance  of  the  proceeds,  if  any,  shall  be 
the  property  of  the  defaulting  debtor  or  his  assignee :  Provided,  That 
in  case  of  sale  after  failure  to  redeem  under  this  section  the  United 
States  shall  be  authorized  to  bid  in  such  land  at  not  more  than  the 
amount  in  default,  including  interest  and  costs. 

Sec.  3.  That  upon  full  and  final  payment  being  made  of  all 
amounts  due  on  account  of  the  building  and  betterment  charges  to 
the  United  States  or  its  successors  in  control  of  the  project,  the 
United  States  or  its  successors,  as  the  case  may  be,  shall  issue  upon 
request  a  certificate  certifying  that  payment  of  the  building  and 
betterment  charges  in  full  has  been  made  and  that  the  lien  upon  the 
land  has  been  so  far  satisfied  and  is  no  longer  of  any  force  or  effect 
except  the  lien  for  annual  charges  for  operation  and  maintenance: 
Provided,  That  no  person  shall  at  any  one  time  or  in  any  manner, 
except  as  hereinafter  otherwise  provided,  acquire,  own,  or  hold 

1  This  proviso  was  amended  by  Act  of  Feb.  15,  1917,  below,  to  read : 
"Provided,  That  no  such  patent  or  final  water-right  certificate  shall  issue 
until  after  the  payment  of  all  sums  due  the  United  States  on  account  of 
such  land  or  water  right  at  the  time  of  the  submission  of  proof  entitling 
the  homestead  or  desert-land  entryman  to  such  patent  or  the  purchaser  to 
such  final  water-right  certificate." 

V 


LAWS  117 

irrigable  land  for  which  entry  or  water-right  application  shall  hav« 
been  made  under  the  said  reclamation  act  of  June  seventeenth,  nine- 
teen hundred  and  two,  and  acts  supplementary  thereto  and  amenda- 
tory thereof,  before  final  payment  in  full  of  all  installments  of 
building  and  betterment  charges  shall  have  been  made  on  account 
of  such  land  in  excess  of  one  farm  unit  as  fixed  by  the  Secretary 
of  the  Interior  as  the  limit  of  area  per  entry  of  public  land  or  per 
single  ownership  of  private  land  for  which  a  water  right  may  be 
purchased  respectively,  nor  in  any  case  in  excess  of  one  hundred 
and  sixty  acres,  nor  shall  water  be  furnished  under  said  acts  nor 
a  water  right  sold  or  recognized  for  such  excess;  but  any  such 
excess  land  acquired  at  any  time  in  good  faith  by  descent,  by  will, 
or  by  foreclosure  of  any  lien  may  be  held  for  two  years  and  no 
longer  after  its  acquisition;  and  every  excess  holding  prohibited  as 
aforesaid  shall  be  forfeited  to  the  United  States  by  proceedings 
instituted  by  the  Attorney  General  for  that  purpose  in  any  court  of 
competent  jurisdiction;  and  this  proviso  shall  be  recited  in  every 
patent  and  water-right  certificate  issued  by  the  United  States  under 
the  provisions  of  this  act. 

Sec.  4.  That  the  Secretary  of  the  Interior  is  hereby  authorized 
to  designate  such  bonded  fiscal  agents  or  officers  of  the  Reclamation 
Service  as  he  may  deem  advisable  on  each  reclamation  project  to 
whom  shall  be  paid  all  sums  due  on  reclamation  entries  or  water 
rights,  and  the  officials  so  designated  shall  keep  a  record  for  the 
information  of  the  public  of  the  sums  paid  and  the  amount  due  at 
any  time  on  account  of  any  entry  made  or  water  right  purchased 
under  the  reclamation  act;  and  the  Secretary  of  the  Interior  shall 
make  provision  for  furnishing  copies  of  duly  authenticated  records 
of  entries  upon  payment  of  reasonable  fees,  which  copies  shall  be 
admissible  in  evidence,  as  are  copies  authenticated  under  section 
eight  hundred  and  eighty-eight  of  the  Revised  Statutes. 

1914 — Act  of  Aug.  13,  1914  (38  Stat.,  686) — An  act  extending  the 
period  of  payment  under  reclamation  projects,  and  for  other 
purposes.  (Reclamation  Extension  Act.) 

That  any  person  whose  lands  hereafter  become  subject  to  the  terms 
and  conditions  of  the  act  approved  June  seventeenth,  nineteen 
hundred  and  two,  entitled  "An  act  appropriating  the  receipts  from 
the  sale  and  disposal  of  public  lands  in  certain  States  and  Territories 
to  the  construction  of  irrigation  works  for  the  reclamation  of  arid 
lands,"  and  acts  amendatory  thereof  or  supplementary  thereto,  here- 
after to  be  referred  to  as  the  reclamation  law,  and  any  person 
who  hereafter  makes  entry  thereunder  shall  at  the  time  of  making 
water-right  application  or  entry,  as  the  case  may  be,  pay  into  the 
reclamation  fund  five  per  centum  of  the  construction  charge  fixed 
for  his  land  as  an  initial  installment,  and  shall  pay  the  balance 
of  said  charge  in  fifteen  annual  installments,  the  first  five  of  which 
shall  each  be  five  per  centum  of  the  construction  charge  and  the 
remainder  shall  each  be  seven  per  centum  until  the  whole  amount 
shall  have  been  paid.  The  first  of  the  annual  installments  shall 


n8        THE  U.  S.  RECLAMATION  SERVICE 

become  due  and  payable  on  December  first  of  the  fifth  calendar 
year  after  the  initial  installment:  Provided,  That  any  water  right 
applicant  or  entryman  may,  if  he  so  elects,  pay  the  whole  or  any 
part  of  the  construction  charges  owing  by  him  within  any  short- 
er period:  Provided  further,  That  entry  may  be  made  whenever 
water  is  available,  as  announced  by  the  Secretary  of  the  Interior, 
and  the  initial  payment  be  made  when  the  charge  per  acre  is  es- 
tablished. 

Sec.  2.  That  any  person  whose  land  or  entry  has  heretofore 
become  subject  to  the  terms  and  conditions  of  the  reclamation  law 
shall  pay  the  construction  charge,  or  the  portion  of  the  construction 
charge  remaining  unpaid,  in  twenty  annual  installments,  the  first  of 
which  shall  become  due  and  payable  on  December  first  of  the  year  in 
which  the  public  notice  affecting  his  land  is  issued  under  this  act, 
and  subsequent  installments  on  December  first  of  each  year  there- 
after. The  first  four  of  such  installments  shall  each  be  two  per 
centum,  the  next  two  installments  shall  each  be  four  per  centum, 
and  the  next  fourteen  each  six  per  centum  of  the  total  construction 
charge,  or  the  portion  of  the  construction  charge  unpaid  at  the 
beginning  of  such  installments. 

Sec.  3.  That  if  any  water-right  applicant  or  entryman  shall  fail 
to  pay  any  installment  of  his  construction  charges  when  due,  there 
shall  be  added  to  the  amount  unpaid  a  penalty  of  one  per  centum 
thereof,  and  there  shall  be  added  a  like  penalty  of  one  per  centum 
of  the  amount  unpaid  on  the  first  day  of  each  month  thereafter  so 
long  as  such  default  shall  continue.  If  any  such  applicant  or  entry- 
man shall  be  one  year  in  default  in  the  payment  of  any  installment 
of  the  construction  charges  and  penalties,  or  any  part  thereof,  his 
water-right  application,  and  if  he  be  a  homestead  entryman  his  entry 
also,  shall  be  subject  to  cancellation,  and  all  payments  made  by  him 
forfeited  to  the  reclamation  fund,  but  no  homestead  entry  shall  be 
subject  to  contest  because  of  such  default:  Provided,  That  if  the 
Secretary  of  the  Interior  shall  so  elect,  he  may  cause  suit  or  action 
to  be  brought  for  the  recovery  of  the  amount  in  default  and  pen- 
alties; but  if  suit  or  action  be  brought,  the  right  to  declare  a  can- 
cellation and  forfeiture  shall  be  suspended  pending  such  suit  or 
action. 

Sec.  4.  That  no  increase  in  the  construction  charges  shall  here- 
after be  made,  after  the  same  have  been  fixed  by  public  notice,  except 
by  agreement  between  the  Secretary  of  the  Interior  and  a  majority 
of  the  water-right  applicants  and  entrymen  to  be  affected  by  such 
increase,  whereupon  all  water-right  applicants  and  entrymen  in  the 
area  proposed  to  be  affected  by  the  increased  charge  shall  become 
subject  thereto.  Such  increased  charge  shall  be  added  to  the  con- 
struction charge  and  payment  thereof  distributed  over  the  remaining 
unpaid  installments  of  construction  charges:  Provided,  That  the 
Secretary  of  the  Interior,  in  his  discretion,  may  agree  that  such 
increased  construction  charge  shall  be  paid  in  additional  annual 
installments,  each  of  which  shall  be  at  least  equal  to  the  amount  of 
the  largest  installment  as  fixed  for  the  project  by  the  public  notice 
theretofore  issued.  And  such  additional  installments  of  the  increased 


LAWS  119 

construction  charge,  as  so  agreed  upon,  shall  become  due  and 
payable  on  December  first  of  each  year  subsequent  to  the  year 
when  the  final  installment  of  the  construction  charge  under  such 
public  notice  is  due  and  payable:  Provided  further,  That  all  such 
increased  construction  charges  shall  be  subject  to  the  same  condi- 
tions, penalties,  and  suit  or  action  as  provided  in  section  three  of 
this  act. 

Sec.  5.  That  in  addition  to  the  construction  charge,  every  water- 
right  applicant,  entryman,  or  land  owner  under  or  upon  a  reclamation 
project  shall  also  pay,  whenever  water  service  is  available  for  the 
irrigation  of  his  land,  an  operation  and  maintenance  charge  based 
upon  the  total  cost  of  operation  and  maintenance  of  the  project,  or 
each  separate  unit  thereof,  and  such  charge  shall  be  made  for  each 
acre-foot  of  water  delivered;  but  each  acre  of  irrigable  land,  whether 
irrigated  or  not,  shall  be  charged  with  a  minimum  operation  and 
maintenance  charge  based  upon  the  charge  for  delivery  of  not  less 
than  one  acre-foot  of  water:  Provided,  That  whenever  any  legally 
organized  water  users'  association  or  irrigation  district  shall  so 
request,  the  Secretary  of  the  Interior  is  hereby  authorized,  in  his 
discretion,  to  transfer  to  such  water  users'  association  or  irrigation 
district  the  care,  operation,  and  maintenance  of  all  or  any  part  of 
the  project  works,  subject  to  such  rules  and  regulations  as  he  may 
prescribe.  If  the  total  amount  of  operation  and  maintenance  charges 
and  penalties  collected  for  any  one  irrigation  season  on  any  project 
shall  exceed  the  cost  of  operation  and  maintenance  of  the  project 
during  that  irrigation  season,  the  balance  shall  be  applied  to  a 
reduction  of  the  charge  on  the  project  for  the  next  irrigation  season, 
and  any  deficit  incurred  may  likewise  be  added  to  the  charge  for  the 
next  irrigation  season. 

Sec.  6.  That  all  operation  and  maintenance  charges  shall  become 
due  and  payable  on  the  date  fixed  for  each  project  by  the  Secretary 
of  the  Interior,  and  if  such  charge  is  paid  on  or  before  the  date  when 
due  there  shall  be  a  discount  of  five  per  centum  of  such  charge;  but 
if  such  charge  is  unpaid  on  the  first  day  of  the  third  calendar  month 
thereafter,  a  penalty  of  one  per  centum  of  the  amount  unpaid  shall 
be  added  thereto,  and  thereafter  an  additional  penalty  of  one  per 
centum  of  the  amount  unpaid  shall  be  added  on  the  first  day  of  each 
calendar  month  of  such  charge  and  penalties  shall  remain  unpaid,  and 
no  water  shall  be  delivered  to  the  lands  of  any  water-right  applicant 
or  entryman  who  shall  be  in  arrears  for  more  than,  one  calendar  year 
for  the  payment  of  any  charge  for  operation  and  maintenance  or 
any  annual  construction  charge  and  penalties.  If  any  water-right 
applicant  or  entryman  shall  be  one  year  in  arrears  in  the  payment  of 
any  charge  for  operation  and  maintenance  and  penalties,  or  any  part 
thereof,  his  water-right  application,  and  if  he  be  a  homestead  entry- 
man his  entry  also,  shall  be  subject  to  cancellation,  and  all  payments 
made  by  him  forfeited  to  the  reclamation  fund,  but  no  homestead 
entry  shall  be  subject  to  contest  because  of  such  arrears.  In  the 
discretion  of  the  Secretary  of  the  Interior  suit  or  action  may  be 
brought  for  the  amounts  in  default  and  penalties  in  like  manner  as 
provided  in  section  three  of  this  act. 


120        THE  U.  S.  RECLAMATION  SERVICE 

Sec.  7.  That  the  Secretary  of  the  Interior  is  hereby  authorized, 
in  his  discretion,  to  designate  and  appoint,  under  such  rules  and 
regulations  as  he  may  prescribe,  the  legally  organized  water  users' 
association  or  irrigation  district,  under  any  reclamation  project,  as 
the  fiscal  agent  of  the  United  States  to  collect  the  annual  payments 
on  the  construction  charge  of  the  project  and  the  annual  charges 
for  operation  and  maintenance  and  all  penalties:  Provided,  That 
no  water-right  applicant  or  entryman  shall  be  entitled  to  credit  for 
any  payment  thus  made  until  the  same  shall  have  been  paid  over  to 
an  officer  designated  by  the  Secretary  of  the  Interior  to  receive  the 
same. 

Sec.  8.  That  the  Secretary  of  the  Interior  is  hereby  authorized 
to  make  general  rules  and  regulations  governing  the  use  of  water 
in  the  irrigation  of  the  lands  within  any  project,  and  may  require 
the  reclamation  for  agricultural  purposes  and  the  cultivation  of  one- 
fourth  the  irrigable  area  under  each  water-right  application  or  entry 
within  three  full  irrigation  seasons  after  the  filing  of  water-right 
application  or  entry,  and  the  reclamation  for  agricultural  purposes 
and  the  cultivation  of  one-half  the  irrigable  area  within  five  full 
irrigation  seasons  after  the  filing  of  the  water-right  application  or 
entry,  and  shall  provide  for  continued  compliance  with  such  require- 
ments. Failure  on  the  part  of  any  water-right  applicant  or  entry- 
man to  comply  with  such  requirements  shall  render  his  application  or 
entry  subject  to  cancellation. 

Sec.  9.  That  in  all  cases  where  application  for  water  right  for 
lands  in  private  ownership  or  lands  held  under  entries  not  subject 
to  the  reclamation  law  shall  not  be  made  within  one  year  after  the 
passage  of  this  act,  or  within  one  year  after  notice  issued  in  pur- 
suance of  section  four  of  the  reclamation  act,  in  cases  where  such 
notice  has  not  heretofore  been  issued,  the  construction  charges  for 
such  land  shall  be  increased  five  per  centum  each  year  until  such 
application  is  made  and  an  initial  installment  is  paid. 

Sec.  10.  That  the  act  of  Congress  approved  February  eighteenth, 
nineteen  hundred  and  eleven,  entitled  "An  act  to  amend  section  five 
of  the  act  of  Congress  of  June  twenty-fifth,  nineteen  hundred  and 
ten,  entitled  'An  act  to  authorize  advances  to  the  reclamation  fund 
and  for  the  issuance  and  disposal  of  certificates  of  indebtedness  in 
reimbursement  therefor,  and  for  other  purposes/  "  be,  and  the  same 
hereby  is,  amended  so  as  to  read  as  follows: 

"Sec.  5.  That  no  entry  shall  be  hereafter  made  and  no  entryman 
shall  be  permitted  to  go  upon  lands  reserved  for  irrigation  purposes 
until  the  Secretary  of  the  Interior  shall  have  established  the  unit 
of  acreage  per  entry,  and  water  is  ready  to  be  delivered  for  the 
land  in  such  unit  or  some  part  thereof  and  such  fact  has  been 
announced  by  the  Secretary  of  the  Interior:  Provided,  That  where 
entries  made  prior  to  June  twenty-fifth,  nineteen  hundred  and  ten, 
have  been  or  may  be  relinquished,  in  whole  or  in  part,  the  lands  so 
relinquished  shall  be  subject  to  settlement  and  entry  under  the 
reclamation  law." 

Sec.  II.  That  whenever  water  is  available  and  it  is  impracticable  to 


LAWS  121 

apportion  operation  and  maintenance  charges  as  provided  in  section 
five  of  this  act,  the  Secretary  of  the  Interior  may,  prior  to  giving 
public  notice  of  the  construction  charge  per  acre  upon  land  under 
any  project,  furnish  water  to  any  entryman  or  private  landowner 
thereunder  until  such  notice  is  given,  making  a  reasonable  charge 
therefor,  and  such  charges  shall  be  subject  to  the  same  penalties  and 
to  the  provisions  for  cancellation  and  collection  as  herein  provided 
for  other  operation  and  maintenance  charges. 

Sec.  12.  That  before  any  contract  is  let  or  work  begun  for  the 
construction  of  any  reclamation  project  hereafter  adopted  the  Secre- 
tary of  the  Interior  shall  require  the  owners  of  private  lands  there- 
under to  agree  to  dispose  of  all  lands  in  excess  of  the  area  which 
he  shall  deem  sufficient  for  the  support  of  a  family  upon  the  land 
in  question,  upon  such  terms  and  at  not  to  exceed  such  price  as 
the  Secretary  of  the  Interior  may  designate;  and  if  any  landowner 
shall  refuse  to  agree  to  the  requirements  fixed  by  the  Secretary  of  the 
Interior,  his  land  shall  not  be  included  within  the  projects  if  adopted 
for  construction. 

Sec.  13.  That  all  entries  under  reclamation  projects  containing 
more  than  one  farm  unit  shall  be  reduced  in  area  and  conformed  to 
a  single  farm  unit  within  two  years  after  making  proof  of  residence, 
improvement,  and  cultivation,  or  within  two  years  after  the  issuance 
of  a  farm-unit  plat  for  the  project,  if  the  same  issues  subsequent 
to  the  making  of  such  proof:  Provided,  That  such  proof  is  made 
within  four  years  from  the  date  as  announced  by  the  Secretary  of  the 
Interior  that  water  is  available  for  delivery  for  the  land.  Any 
entryman  failing  within  the  period  herein  provided  to  dispose  of  the 
excess  of  his  entry  above  one  farm  unit,  in  the  manner  provided  by 
law,  and  to  conform  his  entry  to  a  single  farm  unit  shall  render  his 
entry  subject  to  cancellation  as  to  the  excess  above  one  farm  unit: 
Provided,  That  upon  compliance  with  the  provisions  of  law  such 
entryman  shall  be  entitled  to  receive  a  patent  for  that  part  of  his 
entry  which  conforms  to  one  farm  unit  as  established  for  the  project : 
Provided  further,  That  no  person  shall  hold  by  assignment  more  than 
one  farm  unit  prior  to  final  payment  of  all  charges  for  all  the  land 
held  by  him  subject  to  the  reclamation  law,  except  operation  and 
maintenance  charges  not  then  due. 

Sec.  14.  [Amended  by  Act  of  July  26,  1916,  below]  * 

Sec.  15.  That  the  Secretary  of  the  Interior  is'  hereby  authorized 
to  perform  any  and  all  acts  and  to  make  such  rules  and  regulations 
as  may  be  necessary  and  proper  for  the  purpose  of  carrying  the  pro- 
visions of  this  act  into  full  force  and  effect. 

Sec.  1 6.  That  from  and  after  July  first,  nineteen  hundred  and 
fifteen,  expenditures  shall  not  be  made  for  carrying  out  the  purposes 

1  The  original  section  read  as  follows :  That  any  person  whose  land 
or  entry  has  heretofore  become  subject  to  the  reclamation  law,  who  desires 
to  secure  the  benefits  of  the  extension  of  the  period  of  payments  pro- 
vided by  this  act,  shall,  within  six  months  after  the  issuance  of  the  first 
public  notice  hereunder  affecting  his  land  or  entry,  notify  the  Secretary 
of  the  Interior,  in  the  manner  to  be  prescribed  by  said  Secretary,  of  his 
acceptance  of  all  of  the  terms  and  conditions  of  this  act,  and  thereafter 
his  lands  or  entry  shall  be  subject  to  all  of  the  provisions  of  this  act. 


122        THE  U.  S.  RECLAMATION  SERVICE 

of  the  reclamation  law  except  out  of  appropriations  made  annually  by 
Congress  therefor,  and  the  Secretary  of  the  Interior  shall,  for  the 
fiscal  y^ar_nineteen^  hundred^nd^sixteen,  and  annually  thereafter, 
injthe  regtilar~BooK  of  EstimatesTsuBniit  to  Congress  estimates  of 
the  amount  of  money  necessary  to  be  expended  for  carrying  out  any 
or  all  of  the  purposes  authorized  by  the  reclamation  law,  including 
the  extension  and  completion  of  existing  projects  and  units  thereof 
and  the  construction  of  new  projects.  The  annual  appropriations 
made  hereunder  by  Congress  for  such  purposes  shall  be  paid  out  of 
the  reclamation  fund  provided  for  by  the  reclamation  law. 

1914 — Act  of  Oct.  5,  1914  (38  Stat.,  727) — An  act  to  authorize  the 
reservation  of  public  lands  for  country  parks  and  community 
centers  within  reclamation  projects,  and  for  other  purposes. 

That  the  Secretary  of  the  Interior  be,  and  he  is  hereby,  authorized 
to  withdraw  from  other  disposition  and  reserve  for  country  parks, 
public  playgrounds,  and  community  centers  for  the  use  of  the  resi- 
dents upon  the  lands  such  tracts  as  he  may  deem  advisable  not 
exceeding  twenty  acres  in  any  one  township  in  each  reclamation 
project  or  the  several  units  of  such  reclamation  projects  under- 
taken under  the  act  of  June  seventeenth,  nineteen  hundred  and  two, 
known  as  the  reclamation  act. 

Sec.  2.  That  subject  to  the  provisions  hereinafter  contained  every 
such  tract  of  land  so  set  apart  shall  be  supplied  with  water  from  the 
Government  irrigation  system,  the  cost  thereof  to  be  charged  to  the 
remaining  lands  of  the  projects  as  a  part  of  the  construction  charge 
of  such  project,  and  shall  be  maintained  and  used  in  perpetuity  by 
the  people  upon  said  reclaimed  lands  for  a  pleasure  park,  public 
playground,  and  community  center. 

Sec.  3.  That  for  the  purpose  of  carrying  out  and  effecting  the 
objects  of  this  act  the  Secretary  of  the  Interior  is  authorized  to 
enter  into  a  contract  with  the  organization  formed  by  the  owners 
of  the  lands  irrigated  within  said  project  or  project  unit  pursuant 
to  section  six  of  the  act  of  June  seventeenth,  nineteen  hundred  and 
two,  stipulating  and  providing  that  the  organization  will  maintain 
and  use  such  of  the  lands  so  reserved  for  the  purposes  prescribed  in 
this  act  as  such  organization  may  desire,  and  that  upon  failure  to  so 
maintain  and  use  such  lands,  or  in  the  event  that  same  shall  be  per- 
mitted to  be  used  or  occupied  for  other  purposes  than  those  stipulated 
in  this  act,  the  control  of  the  lands  shall  revert  to  the  United  States. 

Sec.  4.  That  any  of  such  lands  not  contracted  for  in  accordance 
with  the  provisions  of  section  three  of  this  act  within  ten  years 
from  the  time  water  is  available  for  the  same,  or  sooner,  if  the 
Secretary  of  the  Interior  may  deem  it  desirable,  shall  be  disposed 
of  in  accordance  with  the  public-land  laws  applicable  thereto,  and 
the  proceeds  from  the  disposition  of  lands  reverting  to  the  United 
States  under  the  provisions  of  this  act,  and  from  sales  of  water 
rights,  shall  be  covered  into  the  reclamation  fund  and  placed  to  the 
credit  of  the  project  wherein  the  lands  are  situate. 


LAWS  123 

1915— Act  of  Mar.  4,  1915  (38  Stat,  1215)— An  act  for  the  relief  of 
homestead  entrymen  under  the  reclamation  projects  of  the 
United  States. 

That  any  person  who  has  made  homestead  entry  under  the  act  of 
June  seventeenth,  nineteen  hundred  and  two  (Thirty-second  Statutes 
at  Large,  page  three  hundred  and  eighty-eight),  for  land  believed 
to  be  susceptible  of  irrigation  which  at  the  time  of  said  entry  was 
withdrawn  for  any  contemplated  irrigation  project,  may  relinquish 
the  same  provided  that  it  has  since  been  determined  that  the  land 
embraced  in  such  entry  or  all  thereof  in  excess  of  twenty  acres  is 
not  or  will  not  be  irrigable  under  the  project,  and  in  lieu  thereof 
may  select  and  make  entry  for  any  farm  unit  included  within  such 
irrigation  project  as  finally  established,  notwithstanding  the  pro- 
visions of  section  five  of  the  act  of  June  twenty-fifth,  nineteen 
hundred  and  ten,  entitled  "An  act  to  authorize  advances  to  the 
reclamation  fund,"  and  so  forth,  and  acts  amendatory  thereof: 
Provided,  That  such  entryman  shall  be  given  credit  on  the  new  entry 
for  the  time  of  bona  fide  residence  maintained  on  the  original  entry. 

1916 — Act  of  July  26,  1916  (39  Stat.,  390) — An  act  to  amend  section 
14  of  the  reclamation  extension  act  approved  August  13,  1914. 

That  section  fourteen  of  an  act  entitled  "An  act  extending  the 
period  of  payment  under  reclamation  projects,  and  for  other  pur- 
poses," approved  August  thirteenth,  nineteen  hundred  and  fourteen, 
be  amended  so  as  to  read  as  follows: 

"Sec.  14.  That  any  person  whose  land  or  entry  has  heretofore 
become  subject  to  the  reclamation  law,  who  desires  to  secure  the 
benefits  of  the  extension  of  the  period  of  payments  provided  by 
this  act,  shall,  within  six  months  after  the  issuance  of  the  first 
public  notice  hereunder  affecting  his  land  or  entry,  notify  the  Secre- 
tary of  the  Interior,  in  the  manner  to  be  prescribed  by  said  Secre- 
tary, of  his  acceptance  of  all  the  terms  and  conditions  of  this  act,  and 
thereafter  his  lands  or  entry  shall  be  subject  to  all  of  the  provisions 
of  this  act:  Provided,  That  upon  sufficient  showing  the  Secretary 
of  the  Interior  may,  in  his  discretion,  permit  notice  of  acceptance  of 
all  the  terms  and  conditions  of  this  act  to  be  filed  at  any  time  after 
the  time  limit  hereinbefore  fixed  for  filing  such  acceptance  shall  have 
expired,  conditioned,  however,  that  where  the  applicant  for  such 
acceptance  is  in  arrears  on  construction  charges  he  shall  at  the  time 
of  acceptance  pay  such  installments  of  the  construction  charge  as 
he  would  have  been  required  to  pay  had  he  accepted  this  act  within 
the  time  limit  hereinabove  fixed,  plus  the  penalties  that  would  have 
accrued  had  he  so  accepted,  and  such  applicant  shall  thereafter  be 
upon  the  same  status  that  he  would  have  been  had  he  accepted  the 
provisions  of  this  act  within  the  time  limit  hereinabove  fixed,  and 
thereafter  the  lands  or  entry  of  any  such  persons  so  filing  such  notice 
of  acceptance  shall  be  subject  to  all  the  provisions  of  this  act." 


124        THE  U.  S.  RECLAMATION  SERVICE 

1917 — Act  of  Feb.  15,  1917  (39  Stat.,  920) — An  act  to  amend  section 
one  of  the  act  of  August  9,  1912,  providing  for  patents  on 
reclamation  entries,  and  for  other  purposes. 

That  the  proviso  to  section  one  of  the  act  of  August  ninth,  nine- 
teen hundred  and  twelve,  (Thirty-seventh  Statutes,  page  two  hundred 
and  sixty-five),  entitled  'An  act  providing  for  patents  on  reclama- 
tion entries,  and  for  other  purposes,"  be  amended  to  read  as  follows : 

"Provided,  That  no  such  patent  or  final  water-right  certificate  shall 
issue  until  after  the  payment  of  all  sums  due  the  United  States  on 
account  of  such  land  or  water  right  at  the  time  of  the  submission  of 
proof  entitling  the  homestead  or  desert-land  entryman  to  such  patent 
or  the  purchaser  to  such  final  water-right  certificate." 


APPENDIX  6 
FINANCIAL  STATEMENTS 

EXPLANATORY  NOTE 

Statements  showing  appropriations,  receipts,  expenditures,  and 
financial  data  for  a  series  of  years  constitute  the  most  effective 
single  means  of  exhibiting  the  growth  and  development  of  a  service. 
Due  to  the  fact  that  Congress  has  adopted  no  uniform  plan  of  appro- 
priations for  the  several  services  and  that  the  latter  employ  no 
uniform  plan  in  respect  to  the  recording  and  reporting  of  their 
receipts  and  expenditures,  it  is  impossible  to  present  data  of  this 
character  according  to  any  standard  scheme  of  presentation.  In  the 
case  of  some  services  the  administrative  reports  contain  tables  show- 
ing financial  conditions  and  operations  of  the  service  in  considerable 
detail;  in  others  financial  data  are  almost  wholly  lacking.  Careful 
study  has  in  all  cases  been  made  of  such  data  as  are  available,  and 
the  effort  has  been  made  to  present  the  results  in  such  a  form  as  will 
exhibit  the  financial  operations  of  the  service  in  the  most  effective 
way  that  circumstances  permit. 


125 


126        THE  U.  S.  RECLAMATION  SERVICE 


FINANCIAL  STATEMENTS 

TABLE  i 

• 
TOTAL  RECEIPTS  or  DISBURSEMENTS  OF 

RECLAMATION  FUND  TO  JUNE  30,  1917 


Receipts 


Sales  of  public  lands 

Audited $91,890,082.85 

Not    yet    audited 

(estimated)    . .  *i,30o,ooo.oo 
Sale   of   town   site 

lots 333,163.37 

Rio    Grande    Dam 

appropriation  . . .     1,000,000.00 
Advances     to     Re- 
clamation   fund 

(Act  of  June  25, 

1910)   17,000,000.00 

Collections 

Construction 
charges   4,796,724.91 

Operation  and 
maintenance 
charges  (in- 
cluding tem- 
porary water 
rentals)  7,191,291.14 

Sale  of  power 
and  light 1,303,5*6.97 

Misc.  sales 2,064,727.04 

Misc.  services...     1,619,856.36 

Transportation  re- 
funds    338,424.02 

Forfeiture  by  bid- 
ders and  con- 
tractors    82,758.71 

Over  disburse- 
ments    39,96345 

From  Indian  Ser- 
vice    2,993,333.69 


Expenditures 


Primary  projects. $119,533,642.57 
Secondary  projects  1,004,109.34 
Indian  projects. ..  2,907,137.11 
Miscellaneous  . . .  4,479,881.63 
Rio  Grande  Dam  1,000,091.78 

Total   $128,924,862.43 


Balance  in  Recla- 
mation Fund, 
July  30,  1917  . . 


1,928,980.08 


Total    $132,153,842.51 

*Deduct  sales  of 
public  lands  not 
yet  audited  and 
not  taken  into  Re- 
clamation Fund. .  1,300,000.00 


Total   $130,853,842.51 


Total   $130,853,842.51 


FINANCIAL  STATEMENTS  127 

TABLE  2 

TOTAL  RECEIPTS  AND  DISBURSEMENTS  OF  RECLAMATION  FUND 
TO  JUNE  30,  1917,  BY  YEARS 


Fiscal 
Years 

Total 
Receipts 

Total 
Disbursements 

1901 

$    3,144,821.91 

1902 

4,585,520.53 

1903 

8,714,238.97 

$     269,094.47 

1904 

6,826,964.43 

i,5i3»43i-22 

1905 

4,806,854.24 

3,767,921.78 

1906 

5,189,261.13 

7,107,715.90 

1907 

9,072,116.16 

12,533,916.06 

1908 

9,961,608.88 

11,800,025.12 

1909 

8,519,891.76 

10,390,401.84 

1910 

8,810,880.56 

10,050,736.30 

1911 

8,239,361.71 

9,556,33i-62 

1912 

8,127,551.68 

11,663,199.00 

1913 

6,115,810.61 

8,791,905-27 

1914 

9,717,890.35 

10,437,940.81 

1915 

14,177,564.75 

14,213,172.90 

1916 

8,518,265.80 

8,805,940.21 

1917 

6,325,239.04 

8,023,129.93 

Total  $130,853,842.51  $128,924,862.43 


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APPENDIX  7 
STATISTICS  OF  CONSTRUCTION 

STATISTICS  OF  CONSTRUCTION,  JUNE  30,  1917  * 


LANDS 

Estimated  area  of  projects  on  completion- 
Estimated  area  to  which  service  was  pre- 
pared to  supply  water  

Acres           Farms 

3,072,795*          62,451 

1,797,811          37,7i9 
1,395,939          29,134 
(597,63i)       (12,724) 
(778,308)       (16,410) 

Acre-feet 
9,193,800 

Miles 
401 
66s 
1,678 
7,226 

Under  contract  

Water  rights  

Rental  contracts,  etc. 

Reservoir  capacity  available 

CANALS,  DITCHES,  AND  DRAINS 

Canals  over  800  second-feet  capacity  
Canals  301  to  800  second-feet  capacity  
Canals  50  to  300  second-feet  capacity.  .  .  . 
Canals  less  than  50  second-feet  capacity  .  . 

Total  canals     .... 

9,970 

Waste-water  ditches  

456 

575 
149 

Drains,  open     .  .          .                         ... 

Drains  closed 

Total  

1,180 

Grand  total 

11,150 

94 
141,987 

Cubic  yards 
2,083,376 
9,818,103 
i,i55,763 

TUNNELS 

Number 

Length,  feet  

STORAGE  AND  DIVERSION  DAMS 

Masonry  

Earth                       

Rock  fill  and  crib             .... 

Total    .  .     .         

13,057,242 

1  Includes  data  on  Indian  projects. 
3  Including  areas  furnished  temporary  water  supply. 

129 


130        THE  U.  S.  RECLAMATION  SERVICE 


DIKES  AND  LEVEES 

Length  and  volume.         

Miles 
94-5 

Cu.  yds. 
4,430,190 

CANAL  STRUCTURES 

Costing  over  $2,000  

Concrete 

Wood 

902 
1,866 
7,946 

13,754 

i34 
430 
4,794 
51,617 

Costing  $500  to  $2,000  

Costing  $100  to  $500  

Costing  less  than  $100 

Total    .  . 

24,468 

56,975 

BRIDGES 

Steel  

Number 

Length 

104 
412 
4,966 
335 

Feet 
7,002 
11,924 
108,226 
4,i74 

Combination.       .  . 

Wood 

Concrete  

Total  

5,817 

131,326 

CULVERTS 

Concrete 

1,654 
i,346 
920 
3,068 

80,371 
48,977 
44,339 
69,346 

Metal  

Terra  cotta 

Wood  

Total 

6,988        243,033 

Linear  feet 
556,9i8 
239,400 
1,046,770 
33i,38o 

PIPE 

Concrete 

Metal  

Terra  cotta  (tile)  .... 

Wood 

Total  

2,174,468 

FLUMES 

Concrete  

Number 

Length 

76 
674 
1,679 

Feet 
14,870 
142,084 
362,134 

Metal                   .      ... 

Wood  

Total    

2,429 

519,088 

STATISTICS  OF  CONSTRUCTION 


CANALS  LINED 

Length,  miles  

Concrete        Wood 

296.9               4.1 

79 
566 
26 
67 
446 

BUILDINGS 

Offices  

.  .  .number 

Residences  

do... 

Power  plants  

do 

Pumping  stations  

do 

Barns,  storehouses,  etc.  . 

do 

Total  

1,184 

WELLS 

Number  and  depth 

Number        Depth 

Feet 
3Qi          34,583 

Miles 
902 

83 
2,822 
442 

47,36i 

Cubic  yards 

133,043,727 
8,882,812 

7,859,995 

COMMUNICATIONS 

Roads  

Railroads  

Telephones  

Transmission  lines 

POWER  DEVELOP 

Water  and  steam 

ED 

horsepower.  . 

EXCAVATION 

Class  i,  earth  

Class  2,  indurated  material. 

Class  3,  rock  

Total 

149,786,534 

RIPRAP  

cubic  yards  .  . 
quare  yards.  . 
cubic  yards  .  . 
barrels 

1,527,920 
749,395 
2,942,775 
2,741,763 

PAVING                                s 

CONCRETE 

CEMENT  

APPENDIX  8 

BIBLIOGRAPHY 
EXPLANATORY  NOTE 

The  bibliographies  appended  to  the  several  monographs  aim  to  list 
only  those  works  which  deal  directly  with  the  services  to  which  they 
relate,  their  history,  Activities,  organization,  methods  of  business, 
problems,  etc.  They  are  intended  primarily  to  meet  the  needs  of 
those  persons  who  desire  to  make  a  further  study  of  the  services 
from  an  administrative  standpoint.  They  thus  do  not  include  the 
titles  of  publications  of  the  services  themselves,  except  in  so  far  as 
they  treat  of  the  services,  their  work  and  problems.  Nor  do  they 
include  books  or  articles  dealing  merely  with  technical  features  other 
than  administrative  of  the  work  of  the  services.  In  a  few  cases 
explanatory  notes  have  been  appended  where  it  was  thought  they 
would  aid  in  making  known  the  character  or  value  of  the  publication 
to  which  they  relate. 

After  the  completion  of  the  series  the  bibliographies  may  be 
assembled  and  separately  published  as  a  bibliography  of  the  Adminis- 
trative Branch  of  the  National  Government. 

CONTENTS 

Bibliographies I-    6 

Official  publications 7-118 

Unofficial  publications:  Books  and  pamphlets 119-159 

Unofficial   publications:    Periodicals 160-165 

Periodical   articles — general 166-306 

Periodical  articles — projects   (by  states) 3°7-393 

Manuscripts 394-406 

BIBLIOGRAPHIES 

1  U.  S.    Dept.  of  agriculture.    Library.    List  of  references  to 

publications  relating  to  irrigation  and  land  drainage.     Wash- 
ington, Govt.  print,  off.,  1902.     181  p.     (Its  Bulletin  no.  41) 

[1,778  titles,  arranged  in  an  author  list,  periodical  list,  and  sub- 
ject index] 

2    Office  of  experiment  stations.     Organization,  work,  and 

publications  of  irrigation  investigations.     [Washington,  Govt. 
print,  off.]  1909.     12  p. 

^    Reclamation  service.     Index.     First  to  tenth  annual  re- 


ports of  the  Reclamation  service.  (In  its  Tenth  annual 
report,  1910/1911.)  Washington,  Govt.  print,  off.,  1912.  p. 
251-90. 

132 


BIBLIOGRAPHY  133 

4  U.  S.  Reclamation  service.  List  of  engineering  articles  [relating 
to  the  work  of  the  Service]  With  index,  no.  1-4.  Washing- 
ton, Govt.  print,  off.,  1915-1918. 

[Reprinted  from  the  I2th,  i4th,  15th  and  i6th  annual  reports 
of  the  U.  S.  Reclamation  service] 

5 Publications  of  the  United  States  Reclamation  ser- 
vice ...  for  sale  by  the  U.  S.  Reclamation  service,  Wash- 
ington, D.  C.,  December,  1917.  [Washington,  D.  C.,  1917] 
85  p.  (List  of  publications  no.  4) 

6 Reports  and  bulletins  relating  to  the  work  of  the 

Reclamation  service.  (In  its  Publications.  Washington, 
1917.  p.  47-56) 

["Annual  reports,  Secretary  of  the  interior;  Annual  reports  and 
Water-supply  papers  of  the  Geological  survey;  General  land 
office  bulletins ;  Bureau  of  mines  bulletins ;  Department  of  agri- 
culture :  Bureau  of  plant  industry,  Bureau  of  soils,  Office  of  pub- 
lic roads  and  rural  engineering;  Smithsonian  reports  separates; 
National  geographic  magazine  separates"] 

OFFICIAL  PUBLICATIONS 

7  Beadle,  John  B.     Progress  in  reclamation  of  arid  lands  in  the 

western  United  States,  .  .  .  Washington,  Govt.  print,  off., 
1916.  p.  467-488.  (Smithsonian  institution.  Publication 
2401) 

["From  the  Smithsonian  report  for  1915."  "Continuation  of  papers 
printed  in  the  Smithsonian  reports  for  1001,  pp.  407  to  423; 
1003,  pp.  827  to  841;  1904,  PP-  373  to  381;  1907,  pp.  331  to  345; 
1910,  pp.  169  to  108,"  by  F.  H.  Newell.] 

8  Greely,  Adolphus  W.     Report  on  the  climate  of  Colorado  and 

Utah,  with  particular  reference  to  questions  of  irrigation  and 
water  storage  in  the  arid  region  .  .  .  Washington,  Govt. 
print,  off.,  1891.  70  p.  ([U.  S.]  5ist  Cong.,  2d  sess.  House. 
Ex.  doc.  no.  287)  Serial  no.  2868 

9  Hinton,  Richard  J.     Irrigation  in  the  United  States'.    A  report 

prepared  .  .  .  under  the  direction  of  the  commissioner  of 
agriculture.  Washington,  Govt.  print,  off.,  1887.  240  p.  9  pi. 
([U.  S.]  49th  Cong.,  2d  sess.  Senate.  Misc.  doc.  no.  15) 
Serial  no.  2450 

10    Irrigation  in  the  United  States.    Being  a  2d  ed.  of  Miscel- 
laneous document  no.  15,  Forty-ninth  Congress.    Washington, 
Govt.  print,  off.,  1890.    386  p. 

[Sist  Congress,  ist  session.  Senate.  Report  928,  pt.  6.  Revised 
edition  prepared  by  order  of  the  United  States  Senate  Special 
committee  on  irrigation  and  reclamation  of  arid  lands] 

11  Newell,  Frederick  H.     Proceedings  of  first  conference  of  engin- 

eers of  the  Reclamation  service,  with  accompanying  papers  .  .  . 
Washington,  Govt.  print,  off.,  1904.  361  p.  (U.  S.  Geological 
survey.  Water-supply  and  irrigation  paper  no.  93) 

[Conference  held  at  Ogden,  Utah,  September  15-18,  1003] 


134        THE  U.  S.  RECLAMATION  SERVICE 

12  Newell,  Frederick  H.    Proceedings  of  second  conference  of  en- 

gineers of  the  Reclamation  service,  with  accompanying  pa- 
pers .  .  .  Washington,  Govt.  print,  off.,  1905.  267  p.  (U.  S. 
Geological  Survey.  Water-supply  and  irrigation  paper  no. 
146) 

[Conference  was  held  at  El  Paso,  Tex.,  November  14  to  18,  1904, 
and  adjourned  to  Washington,  D.  C,  where  it  was  continued 
from  January  9  to  14,  1905] 

13    Progress  in   reclamation  of  arid  lands  in  the  western 

United  States.     Washington,  Govt.  print,  off.,  1911.     p.  169- 
98.     (Smithsonian  institution.     Publication  2019) 

[From  the  Smithsonian  report  for  1910.     See  also  Beadle,  John 

B.  Progress  in  reclamation  of  arid  lands  ] 

14    The  public  lands  and  their  water  supply.  Extract  from  the 

sixteenth  annual  report  of  the  Survey,  1894-95  .  .  .    Wash- 
ington, Govt.  print,  off.,   1895.     P-  457-533-     illus. 

15  Newlands,  Francis  G.     Development  of  the  West.    Articles  on 

western  topics,  entitled:  "Watering  the  desert,"  "National 
irrigation  as  a  social  problem,"  and  "Dry  farming."  Wash- 
ington, Govt.  print,  off.,  1914.  16  p.  ([U.  S.]  63d  Cong.,  2d 
sess.  Senate.  Doc.  588)  Serial  no.  6596 

16    The   Reclamation  service   and  its   work.     Remarks  .  .  . 

in  the  Senate  of  the  United  States,  July  31,  1912.    Washing- 
ton, 1912.     16  p. 

17    Storage  reservoirs — the  arid-land  question.     Speech  .  .  . 

in  the  House  of  representatives,  Wednesday,  January  9,  1901. 
Washington  [Govt.  print,  off.]   1901.    30  p. 

18  U.  S.  Board  of  army  engineers  on  reclamation  projects.     Fund 

for  reclamation  of  arid  lands.  Message  from  the  President 
of  the  United  States  transmitting  a  report  of  the  Board  of 
army  engineers  in  relation  to  the  reclamation  fund  .  .  . 
Washington,  Govt.  print,  off.,  1911.  197  p.  (6ist  Cong., 
3d  sess.  House.  Doc.  1262)  Serial  no.  6022 

[Report  submitted  to  the  Secretary  of  the  interior.  Signed  (p. 
19)  John  Biddle  .  .  .  W.  C.  Langfitt .  .  .  Wm.  W.  Harts  .  .  . 

C.  W.  Kutz  .  .  .  H.  Burgess  .  .  .    This  Board  made  an  inspection 
of  nearly  all  the  projects  from  July  28  to  Oct.  22,  1910.     Public 
hearings  were  held  on  each  project.     The  cost  of  this  inspection 
to  the  Reclamation  fund  was  $15,988.09] 

19    Bureau  of  the  census.    Irrigation.     (In  its  Twelfth  census 

of  the  United   States:   1900.     Agriculture.     Part   II.     Crops 
and  irrigation.     Washington,  1902.     p.  797-880) 

20 Irrigation  and  irrigated  crops.  (In  its  Thirteenth 

census  of  the  United  States  .  .  .  Abstract  of  the  census. 
Washington,  1913.  p.  421-32) 

21 Irrigation  in  the  United  States:  1902.  Washing- 
ton, Govt.  print,  off.,  1904.  92  p.  (Bulletin  16) 

[Prepared  under  the  supervision  of  Le  Grand  Powers,  chief 
statistician  for  agriculture,  by  Clarence  J.  Blanchard  of  the 
Geological  survey,  cf.  p.  5] 


BIBLIOGRAPHY  135 

22  U.  S.  Census  office,      nth  census,  1890.     Report  on  agriculture 

by  irrigation  in  the  western  part  of  the  United  States  at  the 
eleventh  census:  1890.  [By]  F.  H.  Newell,  special  agent. 
Washington,  Govt.  print,  off.,  1894.  336  p. 

["Appendix.    Data  concerning  water  supply" :    p.  285-324] 

23    Congress.    Joint  committee  to  investigate  Interior  depart- 
ment and  Forest  service.     Investigation  of  the   Department 
of  the  interior  and  the  Bureau  of  forestry.     Hearings  .  .  . 
Washington,  Govt.  print,  off.,  1910.     7  v. 

[Includes  testimony  of  F.  H.  Newell,  Arthur  P.  Davis  and  others 
concerning  the  work  of  the  Reclamation  service.  See  Index  in 
last  volume] 

24 House.  Committee  on  appropriations.  Reclama- 
tion service.  Hearings  before  subcommittee  of  House  com- 
mittee on  appropriations  ...  in  charge  of  permanent  appro- 
priations. Sixty-third  Congress,  second  session.  Washing- 
ton, Govt.  print,  off.,  1914.  387  p. 

25 Reclamation  service,  1916.  Hearings  before 

subcommittee  of  House  committee  on  appropriations  .  .  . 
in  charge  of  sundry  civil  appropriation  bill  for  1916.  Sixty- 
third  Congress,  third  session.  Washington,  Govt.  print,  off., 

I9I5-    339  P- 

26 Sundry  civil  bill,  1917.  Hearings  before  sub- 
committee of  House  committee  on  appropriations  ...  in 
charge  of  sundry  civil  bill  for  1917  on  appropriation  for  the 
Reclamation  service.  Sixty-fourth  Congress,  first  session. 
Washington,  Govt.  print,  off.,  1916.  72  p. 

27 Sundry  civil  bill,  1918,  hearings  before  sub- 
committee in  charge  of  sundry  civil  appropriation  bill,  1918, 
on  appropriation  for  Reclamation  service.  Washington,  Govt. 
print,  off.,  1917.  96  p. 

28 Committee  on  expenditures  in  Interior  dept.  Re- 
port in  the  matter  of  the  investigation  of  the  Salt  and  Gila 
rivers — reservations  and  reclamation  service  .  .  .  Washing- 
ton, Govt.  print,  off.,  1913.  736  p.  plates,  fold,  maps,  diagrs. 
(62d  Cong.,  3d  sess.  House.  Rept.  1506)  Serial  no.  6339 

[Includes  Hearings,  in  Phoenix,  Ariz.,  Apr.  23-May  2,  1912. 
"Views  of  the  minority,"  signed,  F.  W.  Mondell,  Chas.  H.  Burke: 
P-  735-736] 

29 Committee  on  irrigation  of  arid  lands.  Adminis- 
tration of  the  Reclamation  act.  Hearing,  Feb.  i-u,  1910. 
Washington,  Govt.  print,  off.,  1910.  59  p. 

30 Appropriation  bill  for  fiscal  year  ending  June 

30,  1916.     Hearings  ...  on  the  bill   making  appropriations 
out  of  the  Reclamation  fund  for  the  Reclamation  service  for 
the  fiscal  year  ending  June  30,  1916.     Dec.  16,  17,  18,  21  and 

31,  1914,  and  Jan.  4,  5,  6  and  8,   1915.     Washington,  Govt. 
print,  off.,  1915.  242  p. 

[Issued  in  two  pamphlets,  consecutively  paged] 


136        THE  U.  S.  RECLAMATION  SERVICE 

31.  U.  S.  Congress.  House.  Committee  on  irrigation  of  arid  lands. 
Extending  provisions  of  reclamation  act  to  Hawaii.  [Hear- 
ing, Jan.  22,  1909,  on  H.  25141.  Washington,  1909]  14  p. 

[Statements  of  F.  H.  Newell  and  G.  B.  McClellan] 

32 Extension  of  period  of  payment  under  recla- 
mation projects.  Hearings  ...  on  H.  R.  13921  .  .  .  Feb. 
28  [—Mar.  28]  1914.  [Pt.  1-2]  Washington,  Govt.  print. 
off.,  1914.  27,  16  p. 

33 Garden  City  project  (Correspondence)  no.  I 

— Hearings  ...  on  S.  6784,  a  bill  providing  for  the  relief 
of  the  Garden  City  (Kansas)  water  users'  association  .  .  . 
Washington,  Govt.  print,  off.,  1913.  I  pam.  (16  p.) 

34 Garden  City  (Kansas)  project.  Hearings  .  .  . 

on  S.  221,  an  act  for  the  relief  of  the  Garden  City  water  users' 
association  .  .  .  April  n,  1914.  Washington,  Govt.  print, 
off.,  1914.  16  p. 

35 Hearings  .  .  .  relating  to  projects  for  the  ir- 
rigation of  arid  lands  under  the  national  irrigation  act  and 
the  work  of  the  division  of  irrigation  investigations  of  the 
Agricultural  department  in  connection  with  irrigation  of  arid 
lands  .  .  .  Washington,  Govt.  print,  off.,  1905.  159  p.  (58th 
Cong.,  3d  sess.  House.  Doc.  no.  381)  Serial  no.  4832 

36 Hearings  .  .  .  relating  to  the  reclamation 

work  of  the  government  under  the  national  irrigation  act. 
April  16  to  30,  1906.  Washington,  Govt.  print,  off.,  1906. 
246  p. 

37 Hearings  .  .  .  February  i,  2,  3,  5,  8,  9,  10, 

n,  1909,  relating  to  present  condition  of  the  reclamation  proj- 
ects, returns  to  the  fund,  organization  and  methods  of  work 
of  the  Reclamation  service.  Washington,  Govt.  print,  off., 
1909.  144  p. 

38 Hearings  .  .  .  April  23;  June  I  and  8,  1910. 

Relating  to  proposed  legislation,  present  condition  of  recla- 
mation projects,  returns  to  the  reclamation  fund,  business 
methods  of  the  Reclamation  service,  success  of  settlers. 
Washington,  Govt.  print,  off.,  1910.  189  p. 

39 Hearings  .  .  .  Relating  to  proposed  legislation, 

present  condition  of  reclamation  projects,  success  of  settlers, 
returns  to  reclamation  fund,  crops,  etc.  January  27,  Febru- 
ary 3  and  8,  1912.  Washington,  Govt.  print,  off.,  1912.  253  p. 

40 Irrigation  in  Nebraska.  Hearing  on  H.  J. 

res.  315  relating  to  irrigation  projects  in  the  state  of 
Nebraska.  Aug.  13,  1914.  Washington,  Govt.  print,  off., 

iQH.    35  P- 

41 Irrigation    projects.      Hearings  .  .  .  Feb.    24, 

1912.     Washington,  Govt.  print,  off.,  1912.     26  p. 

[Statements  of  Carl  Hayden,  John  P.  Orme  and  others] 


BIBLIOGRAPHY  137 

42.  U.  S.  Congress.  House.  Committee  on  irrigation  of  arid  lands. 
Irrigation  projects.  Hearings  .  .  .  concerning  proposed 
changes  in  the  reclamation  law.  [H.  R.  20490]  Feb.  23,  1912. 
no.  2.  Washington,  Govt.  print,  off.,  1912.  p.  27-36. 

43 Irrigation  projects.  Hearings.  Statement  of 

Mr.  James  T.  Whitehead,  of  Mitchell,  Neb.  March  2,  1912 
[on  H.  R.  20490]  Washington,  Govt.  print,  off.,  1912.  24  p. 

44 Irrigation  projects.  Hearings  .  .  .  Town  site 

improvements.  Mar.  13,  1912.  no.  I.  [H.  R.  10443]  Wash- 
ington, Govt.  print,  off.,  1912.  26  p. 

[Statements  of  P.  P.  Wells  and  W.  D.  Buchholz] 

45 Irrigation  projects.     Town  site  improvements. 

no.  2.  Hearings  .  .  .  on  H.  R.  10443  •  •  •  and  on  H.  R.  22873. 
April  20,  1912.  Washington,  Govt.  print,  off.,  1912.  18  p. 

[Statements  by  Mr.  Mondell,  Mr.  F.  H.  Newell  and  others] 

46 Proposed  irrigation  projects.  Hearings  .  .  . 

April  15,  1916.  Washington,  Govt.  print,  off.,  1916.  34  p. 

47 Reclamation  of  arid  lands  .  .  .  Report  [with 

views  of  the  minority.  To  accompany  H.  R.  9676.  Wash- 
ington, Govt.  print,  off.,  1902]  18,  17  p.  (57th  Cong.,  ist 
sess.  House.  Rept.  794)  Serial  no.  4402 

[A  bill  appropriating  the  receipts  from  sale  and  disposal  of  public 
lands  in  certain  states  and  territories  to  the  construction  of  irri- 

¥ition  works   for  the  irrigation  of  arid  lands,   cf.    [pt.   i,  p.   i] 
he  Majority  report  strongly  urged  the  passage  of  the  bill ;  the 
Minority   report   declared   it  to  be  unconstitutional   and   imprac- 
ticable] 

48 Stimulation  of  food  production  under  reclama- 
tion projects.  Hearings  ...  on  H.  R.  2913  a  bill  to 
stimulate  the  production  of  food  upon  private  and  public 
lands  within  the  reclamation  projects  and  for  other  pur- 
poses .  .  .  April  16,  1917.  Washington,  Govt.  print,  off., 
1917.  25  p. 

49 Stimulation  of  food  production  .  .  .  Report. 

[To  accompany  H.  R.  4431]  [Washington,  Govt.  print,  off., 
1917]  ii  p.  (65th  Cong.,  ist  sess.  House.  Rept.  107) 

50 Title  for  homesteaders  on  reclamation  proj- 
ects. Hearings  ...  on  H.  R.,  23242  .  .  .  May  n,  1912.  no. 
i.  Washington,  Govt.  print,  off.,  1912.  5  p. 

51 To  promote  the  reclamation  of  arid  lands  on 

the  public  domain.  Hearings  .  .  .  on  H.  R.  262.  Feb.  26, 
1916.  Washington,  Govt.  print,  off.,  1916.  28  p. 

52 Committee  on  public  lands.  Hearings  .  .  .  relat- 
ing to  the  reclamation  and  disposal  of  the  arid  public  lands 
of  the  West.  January  11  to  30,  1901.  Washington,  Govt. 
print,  off.,  1901.  135  p.  illus. 

[Statements  of  Mr.  Newlands,  Mr.  Maxwell,  Mr.  Newell,  and 
others  ] 


138        THE  U.  S.  RECLAMATION  SERVICE 

53  U.  S.  Congress.  House.  Committee  on  ways  and  means.  Recla- 
mation bonds.  Hearings  before  the  Committee  on  ways  and 
means  of  the  House  of  representatives,  6ist  Congress,  2d  ses- 
sion, on  H.  R.  18398,  H.  R.  19079,  H.  R.  21893,  and  S.  5705, 
February  5,  March  8,  10,  n,  14,  15,  17,  28,  30,  1910.  Wash- 
ington, Govt.  print,  off.,  1910.  265,  26^-2,6^  p. 

54 Select  committee  on  irrigation.  Hearings  before 

the  Select  committee  on  irrigation,  House  of  representatives, 
Fifty-first  Congress,  on  the  general  subject  of  irrigation  in 
the  United  States  [February  6  to  April  24,  1890]  Washing- 
ton, Govt.  print,  off.,  1890.  38,  134  p. 

55 Senate.  Committee  on  irrigation  and  reclamation 

of  arid  lands.  Corbett  tunnel  claims,  Shoshone  project,  Wy- 
oming. Hearing  ...  on  S.  4862,  a  bill  authorizing  ,  .  .  the 
Secretary  of  the  interior  to  investigate  and  settle  certain 
accounts  .  .  .  Feb.  29,  1912,  April  27  and  Mar.  4,  1912.  Wash- 
ington, Govt  print,  off.,  1912.  18,  26,  19  p. 

56 Flood  waters  of  the  Rio  Grande.  Hearing  be- 
fore a  subcommittee  .  .  .  on  S.  J.  res.  183;  a  joint  resolution 
for  control  and  distribution  of  the  flood  waters  of  the  Rio 
Grande.  Washington,  Govt.  print,  off.,  1915.  41  p. 

57 Government  aid  through  district  organizations. 

Hearings  ...  on  S.  1922,  a  bill  relating  to  the  reclamation  of 
arid,  semi-arid,  swamp,  and  overflow  lands  through  district 
organizations,  and  authorizing  government  aid  therefor. 
March  28-31,  1916.  Washington,  Govt.  print,  off.,  1916. 
132  p. 

58 Issue  of  certificates  by  water  users'  associa- 
tions .  .  .  [Washington,  Govt.  print,  off.,  1908]  17  p.  (6oth 
Cong.,  ist  sess.  Senate.  Doc.  507)  Serial  no.  5269 

[Statement  of  F.  H.  Newell,  director  of  the  Reclamation  service] 

59 Private  irrigation  projects,  Carey  act.  Hear- 
ing ...  on  private  irrigation  projects,  Carey  act.  [Jan.  15, 
1912]  .  .  .  Washington,  Govt.  print,  off.,  1912.  34  p. 

[Statements  of  Mr.  Samuel  H.  Hays,  Boise,  Idaho,  and  Mr.  L.  C. 
Hill,  supervising  engineer,  United  States  Reclamation  service] 

60 Report  ...  on  the  investigation  of  irrigation 

projects  ...  (To  accompany  S.  Res.  324)  Washington, 
Govt.  print,  off.,  1911.  917  p.  (6ist  Cong.,  3d  sess.  Senate. 
Report  1281)  Serial  no.  5846 

6 1 Salt  River  irrigation  project — Arizona.  Hear- 
ing ...  on  Salt  River  irrigation  project,  Arizona.  Febru- 
ary 29,  1912  .  .  .  Washington,  Govt.  print,  off.,  1912.  24  p. 

[Statement  of   J.   P.   Orme   and   Daniel   P.   Jones] 

62 Suggestions  for  report  of  Senate  Committee 

on  irrigation.  By  Francis  G.  Newlands.  [Washington,  Govt. 
print,  off.,  1911]  20  p. 

63 Select  committee  on  irrigation  and  reclamation  of 


BIBLIOGRAPHY  139 

arid  lands.  Report  of  the  special  committee  of  the  United 
States  Senate  on  the  irrigation  and  reclamation  of  arid 
lands  .  .  .  Washington,  Govt.  print,  off.,  1890.  6  v.  illus. 
(5  ist  Cong.,  ist  sess.  Senate.  Rept.  928)  Serial  no.  2707-8 

[CONTENTS.  —  pt.  i.  Report  of  committee  and  views  of  the 
minority.  —  pt.  2  (vol.  I).  The  Northwest.  —  pt.  3  (vol.  II).  The 
Great  Basin  region  and  California.  —  pt.  4  (vol.  III).  Rocky  Moun- 
tain region  and  Great  Plains.  —  pt.  5  (vol.  IV).  Statements  by 
Director  Powell  and  other  officers  of  the  U.  S.  Geological  survey. 
Consular  reports.  General  report  on  irrigation  in  United  States. 
Miscellaneous  papers.  —  pt.  6.  Irrigation  in  the  United  States.  By 
R.  J.  Hinton  .  .  .  being  a  2d  ed.  of  Misc.  doc.  15,  49th  Cong., 
2d  sess.] 

64  U.  S.  Dept.  of  agriculture.     Truckee-Carson-Lake  Tahoe  proj- 

ect. Letter  from  the  Secretary  of  agriculture,  transmitting, 
in  response  to  House  resolution  no.  270,  information  relating 
to  Truckee-Carson-Lake  Tahoe  project  .  .  .  Washington 
[Govt.  print,  off.,]  1912.  160  p.  (62d  Cong.,  2d  sess.  House. 
Doc.  451)  Serial  no.  6321 

65  -    Dept.  of  the  interior.    Demonstration  farms.    Letter  .  .  . 

transmitting  a  copy  of  a  communication  from  the  Secretary 
.  .  .  submitting  an  estimate  of  appropriation  for  establishment 
of  demonstration  farms  in  connection  with  the  various  recla- 
mation projects.  [Washington,  Govt.  print,  off.,  1905]  9  p. 
(59th  Cong.,  ist  sess.  House.  Doc.  no.  213)  Serial  no.  4986 

66  --    Expenditures  on  irrigation  projects  in  Indian  reser- 

vations, cost  account  of  all  moneys,  from  whatever  source 
derived,  expended  on  each  project  on  Indian  reservations, 
allotments,  and  lands,  fiscal  year  1916.  Dec.  7,  1916.  Wash- 
ington, Govt.  print,  off.,  1916.  13  p.  (64th  Cong.  2d  sess. 
House.  Doc.  1451)  Serial  no.  7241 

67  --    General    reclamation    circular,    approved    May    18, 

1916.  Laws  and  regulations  relating  to  the  reclamation  of 
arid  lands  by  the  United  States.  Washington,  Govt.  print. 
off.,  1916.  72  p. 

68  --    Reclamation   projects.     Letter   from  the   Secretary 

of  the  interior,  transmitting  information  in  compliance  with 
Senate  resolution  of  February  10,  1910,  as  to  the  amount  of 
money  required  to  finish  reclamation  projects  now  under  con- 
sideration, and  the  amount  of  money  expended  upon  each  of 
the  projects,  etc.  .  .  .  [Washington,  Govt.  print,  off.,  1910] 
31  p.  (6ist  Cong.,  2d  sess.  Senate.  Doc.  376)  Serial  no. 


69  --  Waters  of  the  Rio  Grande  and  its  tributaries.  Letter 
from  the  Secretary  of  the  interior,  transmitting  .  .  .  orders 
and  regulations  of  the  Interior  department  touching  use,  ap- 
propriation, or  disposition  for  irrigation  of  the  waters  of  the 
Rio  Grande  and  its  tributaries  in  Colorado  and  New  Mexico 
.  .  .  [Washington,  Govt.  print,  off.,  1911]  21,  197  p.  (62d 
Cong.,  ist  sess.  House.  Doc.  39)  Serial  no.  6117 


140        THE  U.  S.  RECLAMATION  SERVICE 

[Fund  for  reclamation  of  arid  lands.  Message  from  the  Presi- 
dent of  the  United  States,  transmitting  a  report  of  the  Board  of 
army  engineers  in  relation  to  the  reclamation  fund.  (Reprint 
from  House  doc.  no.  1262,  Sixty-first  Congress,  third  session)  : 
p.  1-197] 

70  U.  S.  Dept.  of  the  interior.  Carey  act  committee.  Carey  act 
projects.  Report  of  a  committee  appointed  by  the  Secretary 
of  the  interior  to  make  an  investigation  into  and  report  upon 
the  history  and  present  condition  of  the  Carey  act  projects  .  .  . 
Washington,  Govt.  print,  off.,  1913.  22  p.  (62d  Cong.,  3d  sess. 
Senate.  Doc.  1097)  Serial  no.  6365 

[Signed:  Herman  Stabler,  P.  R.  Dudley,  F.  W.  Hanna,  Carey  act 
committee.] 

71 Central  board  of  review.  Report  of  the  Central 

board  of  review  on  the  Carlsbad  project,  New  Mexico.  Rec- 
lamation record,  July,  1916,  v.  7:  298-308. 

72 Report  of  the  Central  board  of  review  on  the 

Shoshone  project,  Wyoming.  Reclamation  record,  Oct.,  1916, 
v.  7:  463-9. 

73 Report  of  the  Central  board  of  review  on  the 

Belle  Fourche  project,  South  Dakota.  Reclamation  record, 
Dec.,  1916,  v.  7:  549-5°- 

74 Report  of  the  Central  board  of  review  on  the 

Salt  River  project,  Arizona.  Reclamation  record,  Jan.,  1917, 
v.  8:  14-21. 

75 Report  of  the  Central  board  of  review  on  the 

Rio  Grande  project,  New  Mexico-Texas.  Reclamation  record, 
Feb.,  1917,  v.  8 :  82-6. 

76 Report  of  the  Central  board  of  review  on  the 

Uncompahgre  Valley  project,  Colorado.  Reclamation  record, 
March,  1917,  v.  8:  127-32. 

77 Report  of  the  Central  board  of  review  on  the 

North  Platte  project,  Nebraska-Wyoming.  Reclamation  rec- 
ord, April,  1917,  v.  8:  179-83. 

78  Engineer  dept.  Preliminary  examination  of  reser- 
voir sites  in  Wyoming  and  Colorado.  Letter  from  .  .  .  the 
Chief  of  Engineers,  together  with  a  report  from  Captain 
Chittenden  of  a  preliminary  examination  made  by  him  of 
certain  reservoir  sites  in  the  states  of  Wyoming  and  Colo- 
rado. [Washington,  Govt.  print,  off.,  1897]  II0  P-  illus. 
55th  Cong.,  2d  sess.  House.  Doc.  no.  141)  Serial  no.  3666 

[Captain  Hiram  M.  Chittenden  recommended  that  the  govern- 
ment acquire  full  title  and  jurisdiction  to  any  reservoir  site  which 
it  might  improve  and  full  rights  to  the  water  necessary  to  fill  the 
reservoir;  also  that  it  should  build,  own,  and  operate  the  works, 
holding  the  stored  waters  free  for  public  use  under  local  regu- 
lations] 

79 San  Carlos  irrigation  project,  Arizona.     Report  to 

the  secretary  of  war  of  a  board  of  engineer  officers,  United 


BIBLIOGRAPHY  141 

States  army,  under  Indian  appropriation  act  of  August  24, 
1912,  on  the  San  Carlos  irrigation  project,  Arizona  .  .  . 
Washington  [Govt.  print,  off.]  1914.  168  p.  (63d  Cong.,  2d 
sess.  House.  Doc.  791)  Serial  no.  6755 

80  U.   S.   General  land   office.     Laws  and   regulations   relating  to 

the  reclamation  of  arid  lands  by  the  United  States.  Approved 
April  29,  1912.  Washington,  Govt.  print,  off.,  1912.  39  p. 
(Circular  no.  102) 

81     Geographical  and  geological  survey  of  the  Rocky  Moun- 
tain region.     Report  on  the  lands  of  the  arid  region  of  the 
United  States,  with  a  more  detailed  account  of  the  lands  of 
Utah.    With  maps.    By  J.  W.  Powell  .  .  .  Washington,  Govt. 
print,  off.,  1878.    195  p.    3  fold.  maps.     (45th  Cong.,  2d  sess. 
House.  Ex.  doc.  no.  73)     Serial  no.  1805 

[The  first  scientific  study  of  irrigation  as  an  economic  problem] 

82    Geological     survey.     Report     of     progress     of     stream 

measurements      for  .  .  .  1901-1905  .  .  .  Washington,      Govt. 
print,  off.,  1903-06.    35  v.     (Water-supply  and  irrigation  paper 
no.  75,  82-85,  97-100,  124-135,  165-178) 

[Reports  for  1896-1900  were  published  in  pt.  4  of  the  i8th-22d 
annual  reports  of  the  Geological  survey,  supplemented  by  "Opera- 
tions at  river  stations,"  issued  in  the  series  of  Water-supply  and 
irrigation  papers.  Later  reports  issued  under  title :  "Surface 
water  supply",  etc.  (Water  supply  paper  no.  201-214,  241-252, 
261-272,  281-292,  301-312,  321-332,  351-362,  381-393)] 

83 Report  on  Soda  Lakes  investigation,  Truckee-Car- 

son  project,  near  Fallen,  Nev.,  by  Charles  H.  Lee,  consulting 
engineer,  and  W.  O.  Clark,  assistant  geologist,  United  States 
Geological  survey.  Washington,  Govt.  print,  off.,  1916.  p. 
657-706. 

84  Laws,  statutes,  etc.  An  act  appropriating  the  receipts 

from  the  sale  and  disposal  of  public  lands  in  certain  states 
and  territories  to  the  construction. of  irrigation  works  for  the 
reclamation  of  arid  lands  and  subsequent  acts  pertaining 
thereto.  Washington  [Govt.  print,  off.]  1911.  up. 

85 A  bill  to  promote  the  reclamation  of  arid  and  swamp 

lands  of  the  United  States,  and  for  other  purposes.  [Wash- 
ington, Govt.  print,  off.,  1916]  9  p.  (64th  Cong.,  2d  sess. 
S.  7487) 

[Introduced  in  the  House  of  representatives,  Dec.  2,  1916,  by  Mr. 
Smith  of  Idaho,  and  in  the  Senate  by  Mr.  Chamberlain  of  Oregon, 
Dec.  20,  1916.  Reprinted  in  Irrigation  age,  Feb.  1917,  v.  32: 
59-60;  also  in  Reclamation  record,  April,  1917,  v.  8;  165-7.] 

86 Laws  relating  to  the  reclamation  of  arid  lands  by 

the  United  States.  Washington  [Govt.  print,  off.]  1911.  40  p. 

87  Office  of  experiment  stations.  Organization,  work,  and 

publications  of  irrigation  investigations.  [Washington,  Govt. 
print,  off.]  1909.  12  p. 


142        THE  U.  S.  RECLAMATION  SERVICE 

88  U.  S.  Office  of  irrigation  inquiry.  [Report  on  irrigation.  1893] 

Washington,  Govt.  print,  off.,  1893.  4  v-  *n  l-  (52<i  Cong., 
ist  sess.  Senate  ex.  doc.  41)  Serial  no.  2899 

89    President,  1001-1000  (Roosevelt)     [Remarks  on  reclama- 
tion  of   arid   lands  ...  in     message   of    Dec.    3,    1901]    (In 
Compilation  of  the  messages  and  papers  of  the  Presidents. 
New  York,  n.  d.  v.  15:  6655-8) 

90    Reclamation  service.   Annual  report.    1902 — date.    Wash- 
ington, Govt.  print,  off.,  1903 — date. 

["The  First  annual  report  of  the  Reclamation  service,  dated  Nov. 
29,  1902,  gave  a  brief  description  of  the  location  and  condition  of 
the  arid  public  lands  and  summarized  the  history  of  the  national 
irrigation  movement,  the  laws  recognizing  irrigation,  and  the 
conditions  of  the  work  of  reclamation  in  the  various  states  and 
territories. 

The  Second  annual  report  took  up  the  general  discussion  of 
the  reclamation  law,  reciting  decisions  of  the  Secretary  of  the 
Interior  concerning  it,  and  described  in  detail  the  work  begun, 
showing  in  particular  what  had  been  accomplished  in  1903. 

The  Third  and  later  reports  continue  a  description  of  the  work 
begun  and  operations  carried  on  during  the  calendar  year;  to- 
gether with  the  Reclamation  act  and  acts  of  Congress  affecting 
operations  thereunder. 

The  Eleventh  report  presents  a  review  of  the  conditions  existing 
at  the  time  of  the  passage  of  the  Reclamation  act,  the  operations 
and  results  accomplished  during  the  decade,  and  mention  of  the 
lessons  taught  thereby. 

The  Fifteenth  report  contains  a  history  of  the  construction  of 
each  project  from  the  beginning  of  work  to  June  30,  1916."] 

91 Bulletin  of  information  for  the  Committee  on  ap- 
propriations of  the  House  .  .  .  64th  Congress.     Tour  of  in- 
spection and  examination  of  reclamation  projects,  June  I  to 
July  15,  1915.     Washington,  Gov.  print,  off.,  1915.     36  p. 
[Suggestions   for  reclamation  trip] 

92 Discussion  of  projects  from  the  Thirteenth  annual 

report  together  with  detail  estimates  of  work  to  be  ac- 
complished with  the  money  recommended  for  appropriation 
for  the  fiscal  year  1916  compared  with  expenditures  during 
the  fiscal  year  1914.  Washington,  Govt.  print,  off.,  1915. 
500  p. 
[Handbooks  of  the  Reclamation  service] 

93  Instructions   for   accounting  and   fiscal   affairs,    1909.     Wash- 

ington, Gov.  print,  off.,  1909.    2  v. 

94  Instructions  to  operation  employees.     Truckee-Carson  project, 

Nevada.     1908.     19  p. 

95  Instructions  under  act  approved  July  26,   1916,  providing  for 

acceptance  of  terms   of   reclamation  extension  act.     [1916] 

3  P- 

96  Manual  of  field  accounting.     Washington,  1907.    95  p. 

97  Manual   of  the  United   States  Reclamation  service.      (Ed.  of 

1917)    A.   P.   Davis,   director  .  .  .  Washington    [Govt.   print, 
off.]   1917.    566  p. 


BIBLIOGRAPHY  143 

98  Measurement  of  irrigation  water,     [n.  p.]     1913.     59  p. 

99  Operation    and    maintenance    use    book.     Washington,    1914. 

192  p. 

[Deals  with  the  operation  and  maintenance  of  completed  works, 
delivery  of  water,  and  relations  between  the  water  users  and 
operating  force.  A  later  edition  of  the  "use-book"  was  published 
in  the  Manual  (1917)  p.  324-66] 

100    U.   S.  Reclamation  service.     Irrigation  projects  of  the  U.  S. 

Reclamation  service  .  .  .  National  reclamation  of  arid  lands. 

[Washington,  Govt.  print,  off.,  1915]     [24]  p. 
101 Irrigation  revival.     [Suggestions  by  F.  H.  Newell 

to  the  members  of  the  Interstate  Irrigation  Commission.    Mar. 

10,  1915.     Washington,  1915]     9  p. 
102 Organization    of    water    users'    associations,    1913. 

Washington,  Govt.  print,  off.,  1913.     31  p. 
103 Proposed  work  on  reclamation  projects  during  fiscal 

year  1918  with  estimates  of  appropriation.     Washington,  Govt. 

print  off.,  1916.     70  p. 
104 Questions  and  answers  relating  to  the  Reclamation 

act  and  its  operations.    Approved  by  the  acting  secretary  of 

the  interior,  September  21,   1909.     Washington,  Govt.  print. 

off.,  1909.    30  p. 
105 Reclamation  record  .  .  .  Washington,  1908 — date. 

[Jan.-April  1008  have  title:  The  monthly  bulletin  of  the  United 
States  Reclamation  service.  "This  journal  gives  an  account  of  the 
construction,  operation  and  maintenance  work  of  the  Service  and 
contains  illustrated  articles  of  interest  to  water  users  and  to 
others  having  to  do  with  irrigation  matters."] 

106 Salt    River    project,    Arizona.     Limiting    irrigable 

area  of  land.  Jan.  15,  1914.  [Wash.,  Govt.  print,  off.]  1914. 
64  p.  2  charts. 

107 Wind  River  project,  Wyoming  .  .  .  report  ...  on 

the  Wind  River,  Wyoming,  project.  Dec.  18,  1916.  Wash- 
ington, Govt.  print,  off.,  1917,  90  p.  (64th  Cong.,  2d  sess. 
House.  Doc.  no.  1767)  Serial  no.  7240 

U.  S.  Reclamation  service.     [United  States  Reclamation  service 
in  cooperation  with  state  of  California] 

108  California.  Engineer  dept.  California  cooperative  work.  .  .  . 
United  States  Reclamation  service  in  cooperation  with  state 
of  California.  Report  on  Pit  River  basin,  by  the  Reclamation 
service  office  at  Portland,  Oregon.  E.  G.  Hopson,  supervis- 
ing engineer,  O.  W.  Peterson,  engineer.  April,  1915.  [Sac- 
ramento] California  state  printing  office,  1915.  140  p. 

109 Cooperative  investigations  in  California  .  .  .  U.  S. 

Reclamation  service  in  cooperation  with  the  Northern  Cali- 
fornia irrigation  association.  Report  on  Lower  Pit  River 
project  .  .  .  July,  1915.  Washington,  Govt.  print,  off.,  1915. 

55  P- 

no Cooperative  investigations  in  California  .  .  .  U.  S. 

Reclamation  service  in  cooperation  with  Iron  Canyon  project 


144        THE  U.  S.  RECLAMATION  SERVICE 

association.    Report  on  Iron  Canyon  project  .  .  .  and  Report 
by  Board  of  review  .  .  .  Nov.  1914.     147  p.  illus.,  maps. 
U.  S.  Reclamation  service.  [United  States  Reclamation  service 
in  cooperation  with  state  of  Oregon] 

in  Oregon  State  engineer.  Deschutes  project  .  .  .  Portland, 
1914.  147  p.  maps. 

112    Harney  and   Silver   Creek  projects,   irrigation   and 

drainage  .  .  .  [Denver,    Smith-Brooks    press]     1916.     91    p. 
maps. 

113    John    Day    project,    irrigation    and    drainage  .  .  . 

[Portland,   Portland  printing  house  company]    1916.     185  p. 
maps. 

114 Malheur  and  Owyhee  projects,  irrigation  and  drain- 
age .  .  .  [Denver,  Smith-Brooks  press]  1916.  201  p.  maps. 

115  Ochoco  project  and  Crooked  River  investigations 

.  .  .  Washington,  Govt.  print,  off.,  1915.  98  p.  49  pi.,  fold, 
map. 

116 Rogue  River  Valley  project  and  Willamette  Valley 

investigations  .  .  .  [Denver,  Smith-Brooks  press]  1916.  in 
p.  maps. 

117 Silver  Lake  project,  irrigation  and  drainage.  [Port- 
land, Ore.,  Independent  printing  co.]  1915.  179  p.  maps. 

118 Warner  Valley  and  White  River  projects  (irriga- 
tion and  drainage)  .  .  .  Washington,  Govt.  print,  off.,  1916. 


123  p.  maps. 
U .   o. 


119  U.  S.  Signal  office.     Irrigation  and  water  storage  in  the  arid 

regions.  Letter  from  the  Secretary  of  war,  transmitting  a 
report  of  the  chief  signal  officer  of  the  army,  in  response  to 
House  resolution  dated  May  23,  1890,  relating  to  irrigation 
and  water  storage  in  the  arid  regions  .  .  .  Washington,  Govt. 
print,  off.,  1891.  356  p.  37  fold,  maps,  6  charts.  (5ist  Cong., 
2d  sess.  House.  Ex.  doc.  no  287)  Serial  no.  2868. 

[CONTENTS. — Report  on  the  climatology  of  the  arid  regions  of 
the  United  States,  with  reference  to  irrigation,  by  A.  W.  Greely, 
chief  signal  officer,  U.  S.  army. — Appendices,  1-64.  (Charts  and 
tables  of  precipitation  and  temperature)— 65-67.  Reports  on 
climate  of  Arizona,  New  Mexico,  California  and  Nevada,  by 
W.  A.  Glassford.] 

UNOFFICIAL  PUBLICATIONS:  BOOKS  AND  PAMPHLETS 

120  American  society  of  irrigation  engineers.     Transactions,   v.  I — 

Denver  [1894 — ] 

121  Bartlett,  Dana  W.   The  better  country,  .  .  .  Boston,  Mass.,  The 

C.  M.  Clark  publishing  co.  [1911]     554,  [7]  p. 

[Describes  the  U.  S.  Reclamation  service  as  an  agency  for  the 
making  of  a  "Better  country"] 

122  Blanchard,  Clarence  J.     Home-making  by  the  government,  an 

account  of  the  eleven  immense  irrigating  projects  to  be  opened 
in  1908.  Reprinted  from  the  National  geographic  magazine, 


BIBLIOGRAPHY  145 

April,  1908.  Washington,  D.  C,  Press  of  Judd  &  Detweiler, 
inc.,  1908.  p.  250-87.  illus. 

123  Blanchard,  Clarence  J.     Millions  for  moisture,  an  account  of 

the  work  of  the  U.  S.  Reclamation  service.  Reprinted  from 
the  National  geographic  magazine,  April,  1907.  Washington, 
D.  C,  Press  of  Judd  &  Detweiler,  inc.,  1907.  p.  217-43.  illus. 

124  Brown,  Hugh  A.     Inoculation  of  the  field  force  of  the  United 

States  Reclamation  service  with  anti-typhoid  vaccine.     [1913] 

8  p. 

[From  "The  American  practitioner,"  April,   1913] 

125    Typhoid  inoculation  in  the  Reclamation  service.     Phila- 
delphia, J.  B.  Lippincott  co.,  ci9i6.    4  p.  chart. 
[Reprinted  from  International  clinics,  v.  2,  series  26.] 

126  Chamber  of  commerce  of  the  United  States  of  America.    The 

story  of  irrigation,  being  the  civilization  of  the  desert.  Wash- 
ington, D.  C.,  1916.  8  p.  (Special  bulletin,  Nov.  24,  1916) 
[Statement  is  made  that  "the  most  far-reaching,  scientific,  *and 
comprehensive  method  of  irrigation  is  that  undertaken  by  the 
Federal  government  under  the  authority  of  the  Reclamation  act 
of  June,  1902"] 

127  Davis,    Arthur   P.     Engineering   work    of   the    United    States 

Reclamation  service.  (In  Pan  American  scientific  congress. 
Proceedings  of  the  second  .  .  .  congress,  Washington,  D.  C., 
Dec.  27,  I9i5-Jan.  8,  1916.  Washington,  1917.  v.  3:  283-92) 

128    Irrigation  works  constructed  by  the  United  States  gov- 
ernment.    New  York,  John  Wiley  and  sons,    1917.    413  p. 
illus. 

[The  Chief  engineer  of  the  U.  S.  Reclamation  service  gives  engi- 
neering descriptions  of  the  various  projects  undertaken  by  the 
Service,  for  the  benefit  of  the  engineering  profession.  Reviewed 
in  Engineering-news-record,  Nov.  15,  1917,  v.  79:  939-40] 

129  Foley,  Frank.     Suggestions  for  the  irrigation  of  western  lands 

to  procure  employment  and  homes  for  the  laboring  people  of 
the  United  States.  [Chicago,  1894]  20  p. 

130  Gray,  Edward  D.  McQueen.     Government  reclamation  work  in 

foreign  countries;  compiled  from  consular  reports  and  of- 
ficial documents.  Washington,  Govt.  print:  off.,  1909.  115  p. 

131  Grunsky,  C.  E.     Irrigation  enterprise  in  the  United  States.    (In 

International  engineering  congress,  1915.  Transactions  .  .  . 
San  Francisco,  1915.  v.  2.  Waterways  and  irrigation,  p. 
342-70.  Paper  no.  34) 

132  Harding,  Sidney  T.     Operation  and  maintenance  of  irrigation 

systems.     New  York,  McGraw-Hill  book  co.,   1917.    271   p. 

illus. 

[Extensive  references  to  work  of  the  Reclamation  service] 

133  International  engineering  congress,  San  Francisco,  1915.  Trans- 

actions.    San  Francisco,  Cal.,  1916.     12  v.  in  13. 
[Vol.  2  is  devoted  to  the  subject  of  irrigation] 


146        THE  U.  S.  RECLAMATION  SERVICE 

134  International  irrigation  congress.     Official  proceedings.     1st  to 

2ist  congresses,  1891-1914.     Salt  Lake  City  [etc.]   1891-1914. 

[Mr.  William  E.  Smythe  was  the  prime  mover  in  organizing  the 
National  irrigation  congress.  The  discussions  at  these  congresses 
helped  to  formulate  a  national  irrigation  policy.  "The  papers  are 
published  nearly  every  year  and  contain  addresses  by  officials  of 
the  Reclamation  service  and  others.  The  last  issued  is  for  the 
2ist  Congress,  at  Alberta,  Canada,  October,  1914,  and  includes 
402  pages."] 

135  Irrigated    lands    in    the    United    States.     Descriptions    of    all 

reclamation  service  projects — their  location,  acreage,  cost  of 
water  rights,  suitable  crops,  markets,  railroad  facilities  and 
principal  towns.  Complete  list  of  government  irrigated  lands 
and  Carey  act  projects.  Many  important  private  irrigation 
enterprises.  St.  Paul,  Minn.,  Webb  publishing  company,  1911. 
66  p. 

136  James,   George  W.    Reclaiming  the  arid  West;  the  story  of 

the  United  States  Reclamation  service.  New  York,  Dodd, 
Mead  and  co.,  1917.  411  p.  illus. 

[The  author  characterizes  the  achievements  of  the  Reclamation 
service  as  the  most  beneficial  governmental  work  of  all  his- 
tory] 

137  Lewis,  A.  D.     Irrigation  and  settlement  in  America  .  .  .  Pre- 

toria, The  government  printing  and  stationery  office,  1915. 
258  p.  illus.  (incl.  plans,  diagrs.)  19  pi.  (incl.  maps) 

[Description  of  principal  irrigation  projects  of  the  Reclamation 
service,  by  the  Circle  engineer,  Irrigation  department,  Union  of 
South  Africa.  Reviewed  in  Engineering  news,  June  15,  1916, 
v.  75:  H36] 

138  Mead,    Elwood.      Irrigation    institutions;    a    discussion   of   the 

economic  and  legal  questions  created  by  the  growth  of  irri- 
gated agriculture  in  the  West  .  .  .  New  York,  The  Macmil- 
lan  company,  1903.  392  p.  illus.,  diagrs.  (Half-title:  The 
citizen's  library  of  economics,  politics,  and  sociology,  ed.  by 
R.  T.  Ely) 

139  Mieir,  William  O.    A  possible  method  of  reclamation  for  the 

arid  West  .  .  .  [Westminster?  Col.,  €1909]     21  p. 

140  Minidoka  and  Southwestern  railroad  company  and  Utah  con- 

struction company,  appellants.  [Action  concerning  the  right 
to  build  and  operate  a  railroad  through  a  reclamation  project 
without  consulting  the  government.]  Brief  for  the  United 
States.  Washington,  Govt.,  print,  off.,  1914.  47  p.  (In  the 
Supreme  court  of  the  United  States,  October  term,  1914.  No. 

19) 

141  National  association  of  agricultural  implement  and  vehicle  man- 

ufacturers. Committee  on  arid  lands  and  irrigation.  Report 
of  Committee  on  arid  lands  and  irrigation,  presented  at  the 
annual  meeting  of  the  National  association  of  agricultural 


BIBLIOGRAPHY  147 

implement  and  vehicle  manufacturers  held  at  Chattanooga, 
Tennessee,  November  16,  17,  18,  1904  .  .  .  [n.  p.,  1904?]  48  p. 

[Committee:  C.  G.  Rowley,  O.  V.  Dodge  and  U.  G.  Orendorff. 
Committee  thinks  the  bulk  of  irrigation  development  in  the  west 
will  be  found  to  be  under  private  projects;  it  does  not,  however, 
oppose  national  aid] 

National  irrigation  congress.     See  International  irrigation  con- 
gress. 

142  Newell,  Frederick  H.     Conservation  and  use  of  waters  in  the 

reclamation  of  arid  lands  through  governmental  agencies. 
(In  International  congress  of  applied  chemistry.  Original 
communications,  Washington,  1912.  v.  24:  131-41) 

143    Electrical  features  of  the  U.  S.  Reclamation  service  [and 

discussion]      (In  American   institute  of  electrical  engineers. 
Proceedings.     1914-1915,  v.  33:  1583-98;  v.  34:  675-9) 

[Experience  shows  that  it  is  practicable  for  the  government  to 
build  and  operate  plants  and  sell  the  power  at  cost] 

144    Irrigation  in  the  United  States  .  .  .  Rev.  ed.     New  York, 

T.  Y.  Crowell  &  co.     [01906]    433  p.  illus.,  LXVIII  pi. 

[Includes   information   about   the   Reclamation    service] 

145     Irrigation  management;  the  operation,  maintenance  and 

betterment  of  works  for  bringing  water  to  agricultural  lands 
.  .  .  New  York  [etc.]  D.  Appleton  and  company,  1916.  306  p. 

["The  early  chapters  of  this  book  were  prepared  as  separate 
articles  and  printed  in  substance  at  least  in  various  engineering 
publications." — Pref.] 

146    Making    homes    in    the    desert.     (In    The    Conquerors. 

Cleveland,  O.,  1917.     p.  16-36) 

147    The  Reclamation  service.     (In  History  making,  the  story 

of  a  great  nation.     Boston,  ci9io.    p.  188-90) 

148  Newlands,   Francis  G.     Address  to  the  people  of  Nevada  on 

water  storage  and  irrigation,  1890.    19  p. 

[This  pamphlet  (maps,  diagrams)  is  now  out  of  print.  It  marked 
the  beginning  of  Senator  Newland's  earnest  work  in  Congress  for 
legislation  leading  to  reclamation  of  arid  lands] 

149  Nimmo,  Joseph.    Uncle  Sam's  farm.     The  reclamation  of  the 

arid  region  of  the  United  States  by  means  of  irrigation  .  .  . 
Washington,  Gibson  bros.,  printers,  1890.  43  p. 

[From  Frank  Leslie's  illustrated  newspaper  of  November  16, 
November  23,  November  30,  and  December  7,  1889.  Thanksgiving 
series  of  1889.  Reviews  various  plans  for  reclamation  of  arid 
lands] 

150  Patten,  John.     A  plan  for  increasing  the  humidity  of  the  arid 

region  and  the  utilization  of  some  of  the  great  rivers  of  the 
United  States  for  power  and  other  purposes.  Communicated 
to  the  National  irrigation  congress,  Ogden,  Utah,  September 


148         THE  U.  S.  RECLAMATION  SERVICE 

12,  1903  .  .  .  [New  York,  The  Blanchard  press,  1903]  19, 
[i]  p.  7  fold.  maps. 

151  Price,  Charles  R.     Irrigated  lands  of  United  States,  Canada  and 

Mexico  .  .  .  Los  Angeles,  Cal.,  Scenic  America  publishing 
co.,  1908.  71  p.  illus. 

[Describes  28  federal  reclamation  projects] 

152  Smith,  Chester  W.     Construction  of  masonry  dams  .  .  .  1st  ed. 

New  York  [etc.]  McGraw-Hill  book  company,  inc.,  1915. 
279  p. 

[Includes  description  of  dams  built  by  U.  S.  Reclamation  service. 
This  book  was  reviewed  in  the  Engineering  record,  Feb.  13,  1915, 
v.  71 :  210] 

153  Smythe,  William  E.     The  conquest  of  arid  America.     (New 

and  rev.  ed.)  ...  New  York,  The  Macmillan  company,  1905. 
360  p. 

[Excellent  account  of  reclamation  projects  and  other  irrigation 
works] 

154  Teele,  Ray  P.     Irrigation  in  the  United  States;  a  discussion  of 

its  legal,  economic  and  financial  aspects  .  .  .  New  York  and 
London,  D.  Appleton  and  company,  1915.    252  p. 
>  155    Tracy,  Francis  G.     Private  irrigation  enterprise  compared  with 
government   reclamation.  .  .  .  Washington,   Govt.   print,  off., 
1912.    23  p.  ([U.  S.]  62d  Cong.,  2d  sess.  Senate.  Doc.  869) 

156  Union    Pacific    railroad    company.      Irrigation.      Its    history, 

methods,  statistics  and  results.  Land  irrigated  along  the  Union 
Pacific  system  ...  St.  Louis,  Woodward  &  Tiernan  printing 
company,  1894.  124  p.  map. 

[By  Benjamin  H.  Barrows.     Of  historical  interest] 

157  Van   Hise,   Charles  R.     Irrigation      (In   his  Conservation  of 

national  resources  in  the  United  States.  New  York,  1915. 
p.  185-207) 

158  Whinery,  Samuel.     Public  works,  national,  state  and  municipal. 

(In  Cyclopedia  of  American  government,  New  York,  1914, 
v.  3:  113-6) 

[Includes  account  of  the  Reclamation  service] 

159  Wilson,  Herbert  M.     Irrigation  engineering  .  .  .  6th  ed.,  rev. 

and  enl.  New  York,  J.  Wiley  and  sons,  1909.  625  p.  illus., 
diagrs. 

[Contains  bibliographies.  Chapter  XX,  p.  564-89,  devoted  to 
Reclamation  service] 

UNOFFICIAL  PUBLICATIONS:  PERIODICALS 

160  Forestry  and  irrigation,     v.  8-13,  v.  14,  no.  1-8,  Jan.  iox)2-Aug. 

1908.  Washington,  The  American  forestry  association  [1902- 
08] 


BIBLIOGRAPHY 


149 


Official  organ  of  the  National  irrigation  association  from  Jan. 
1902-April,  1904.  The  Association  was  organized  by  George  H. 
Maxwell,  in  1897. 

161  The  Irrigation  age.     Denver  and  Chicago,  1892-1902. 

Founded  by  William  E.  Smythe,  one  of  the  earliest  advocates  of 
irrigation  in  this  country. 

162  Irrigation,  the  only  magazine  published  within  the  arid  lands 

exclusively  devoted  to  the  earth's  greatest  industry,  v.  I, 
v.  2,  no.  i ;  Nov.  1909-May  1910.  San  Francisco,  Cal.,  O.  E. 
Chancy,  1909-10.  2  v.  in  i.  illus. 

163  Maxwell's  talisman.    A  journal  of  construction  and  social  edu- 

cation. Chicago,  The  Guild  of  the  Talisman  [etc.]  1906-1913. 
Edited  by  George  H.  Maxwell.  Devoted,  in  part,  to  irrigation, 
drainage,  and  reclamation. 

164  The  National  advocate.     Devoted  to  the  reclamation  of  the  arid 

public  domain  by  the  construction  of  state  and  national  irri- 
gation works,  and  to  the  creation  of  rural  homes  as  national 
safeguards,  v.  1-4,  Jan.  1897-1899.  San  Francisco,  The  Na- 
tional advocate  publishing  company  [1897-1899]  George  H. 
Maxwell,  editor,  1897-1898. 

165  National  land  and  irrigation  journal;  devoted  to  reclamation 

by  irrigation,  drainage,  conservation,  v.  1-6,  v.  7,  no.  i ;  Dec. 
1909- Jan.  1913.  Chicago,  The  H.  O.  Shepard  company  [etc.] 
1909-13.  7  v.  in  3.  illus.  monthly. 

[Absorbed  the  Irrigator  in  July  1911.    Merged  into  Irrigation  age] 

Reclamation  record.     See  Official  publications.    U.  S.  Reclama- 
tion service.     Reclamation  record. 

PERIODICAL  ARTICLES — GENERAL 

166  The  army  and  the  Reclamation  service.    Outlook,  June  4,  1910, 

v.  95:  244-6. 

167  Ashbaugh,   S.  S.     Elements  of  strength  and  weakness  of  the 

government  side  of  an  irrigation  case.  Reclamation  record, 
Nov.  1914,  v.  5 :  407-8. 

1 68  Barri,  J.  G.     Why  irrigation  projects  fail.    Moody's  magazine, 

June,  1911,  v.   ii :  423-8. 

[By  a  member  of  the  General  engineering  syndicate,  who  says 
that  "in  the  majority  of  cases  the  basis  of  most  of  the  figures 
made  for  a  proper  water-supply  has  been  a  supposed  normal  pre- 
cipitation without  reference  to  the  actual  experience  of  people 
who  have  lived  for  years  in  the  district.  Local  traditions  ought 
to  be  carefully  considered"] 

169  Beadle,  J.  B.    Doing  the  work  of  the  United  States  govern- 

ment. Government  irrigation.  Export  American  industries, 
May,  1917,  v.  18:  61-6. 

[Illustrations  and  brief  summaries  of  construction  results  of 
Reclamation  service] 


150        THE  U.  S.  RECLAMATION  SERVICE 

170  Bien,  Morris.    Legal  problems  of  reclamation  of  lands  by  irri- 

gation.    American   academy   of  political   and   social   science. 
Annals,  May,  1909,  v.  33:   180-92. 

171  Blackmar,  F.  W.     Economics  and  politics  of  the  Reclamation 

service.    Forum,  July,  1906,  v.  38:  131-8. 

[A  brief,  critical  study  of  the  nature  and  effect  of  the  Reclama- 
tion acts] 

172    The  mastery   of   the  desert.     North   American   review, 

May,  1917,  v.  18:  61-6. 

[Irrigation  one  of  the  great  aids  in  the  mastery  of  the  desert] 

173  Blanchard,  C.  J.     The  call  of  the  west.    Homes  are  being  made 

for  millions  of  people  in  the  arid  west.     National  geographic 
magazine,  May,  1909,  v.  20:  403-37. 

[Illustrated    description   of   reclamation   projects] 

174    Epitome    of   national    reclamation.     American    forestry, 

June,  1914,  v.  20:  393-402. 

175    Harnessing  the  public  water  power.    Scientific  American, 


April  5,  1913,  v.  108:  310-11. 
—    Ma 


176    Making  the  desert  bloom ;  how  U.  S.  Reclamation  service 

is  developing  our  waste  regions.     Scientific  American,  Mar. 
4,   1916,  v.   114:  242. 

177    National  homemaking.    Paper  trade  journal,  June  3,  1915, 

v.  60:  46-52. 

[Opportunities   afforded  by   Reclamation   service] 

178  Blanchard,  C.  J.     National  reclamation  of  arid  lands.    Ameri- 

can geographic  society.     Bulletin,  April,  1906,  v.  38:  209-23. 

[Illustrated  description  of  the  various  projects] 

179    Object-lesson  in  irrigation.     Review  of  reviews,   June, 

1905,  v.  31:  701-4. 

180    The  spirit  of  the  west;  the  wonderful  agricultural  de- 
velopment since  the  dawn  of  irrigation.     Natural  geographic 
magazine,  April,  1910,  v.  21 :  333-60. 

[Excellent  illustrated  account  of  results  of  reclamation  work] 

181     Uncle   Sam   in  the  movies.     American   forestry,   April, 

1915,  v.  21 :  532-40.    illus. 

[Work   of    the    Reclamation   service    as    shown    in    films    at    the 
Panama-Pacific  exposition] 

182    Winning  the  west ;  an  account  of  the  marvelous  progress 

of  our  Reclamation  service  in  reclaiming  the  desert.    National 
geographic  magazine,  Feb.  1906,  v.  17:  82-99. 

183  Borah,  W.  E.     Bond   issue   for  reclamation  .  .  .  Independent, 

Nov.  n,  1909,  v.  67:  1064-65. 

184  Burr,  E.  W.    The  advantages  of  irrigation  district  organization 


BIBLIOGRAPHY  151 

in  private  and  government  work.  Reclamation  record,  Jan. 
1916,  v.  7:  26-30. 

185  Burr,   E.  W.     Efficiency  of  irrigation  districts   in  government 

reclamation  work — supplemental  laws  required  in  relation 
thereto.  Reclamation  record,  Nov.  1914,  v.  5 :  408-10. 

186  Changed    reclamation   service.      Engineering    record,    July   31, 

1915,  v.  72:  125. 

[Placing  the  Reclamation  service  in  the  "pork-barrel  class".  Com- 
mission management  substituted  for  that  of  the  Director;  loss 
to  the  government  of  engineers  whose  knowledge  and  initiative 
were  invaluable] 

187  Cole,   D.   W.    U.   S.  R.   S.  project  manager's  duties  denned. 

Engineering  record,  July  22,  1916,  v.  74:  108. 

[As  an  engineer,  as  a  diplomat,  as  a  fiscal  agent] 

188    Wherefore   the   project   manager.     Reclamation   record, 

July,  1916,  v.  7:  312-4. 

189  Coman,    Katharine.      Some    unsettled    problems    of    irrigation. 

American  economic  review,  March,  1911,  v.  i:  1-19. 

[Reviews  the  operations  of  the  Desert  land  act  (1877),  the  Carey 
act  (1804),  and  the  Reclamation  act  (1902),  and  the  problems 
connected  therewith] 

190  Compensation  for  injured  government  employees.    Reclamation 

record,  Oct.  1916,  v.  7:  449-54. 

[Text  of  Federal  employees'  compensation  act,  approved  Sept.  7, 

1916.  "This  new  act  is   an  advantage  to  the  service  in  regard 
to  the  funds  for  the  payment  of  such  claims,  because  under  the 
former  act  of  May  30,  1008,  the  compensation  provided  therein  is 
paid  from  the  Reclamation  fund"] 

191  Conference  of  irrigation  managers  at  Bozeman,  Mont.     Engin- 

eering news,  Nov.  7,  1912,  v.  68:  864-5. 

[Describes  first  of  a  series  of  1912  conferences  of  operation  and 
maintenance  men] 

192  Conference  of  irrigation  managers  at  Boise,  Idaho.     Engineer- 

ing news,  Nov.  14,  1912,  v.  68:  891. 

[Describes  second  of  a  series  of  1912  conferences  of  irrigation 
managers] 

193  Co-operative  activities  for  reclamation  projects.     Reclamation 

record,  Sept.  1914,  v.  5:  310-12. 

194  Co-operative    fire    insurance    by    U.    S.    Reclamation    service. 

Engineering  record,  July  9,  1910,  v.  62:  30-1. 

[Explanation  of  manner  in  which  the  work  is  conducted] 

195  Cost  keeping  system  of  the  U.  S.  Reclamation  service.    Engin- 

eering record,  July  10,  1909,  v.  60:  47-9. 


152        THE  U.  S.  RECLAMATION  SERVICE 

[An  accurate  account  of  the  cost  of  all  its  work  is  kept  by  the 
Reclamation  service] 

196  The   cost  of  irrigation  works   per   acre   supplied   with   water 

(tables  incl.  U.  S.  R.  S.)  Engineering  news,  May  15,  1913, 
v.  69:  1008-9. 

[Tables  giving  cost  of  private  irrigation  projects,  Carey  act  irri- 
gation projects  and  U.  S.  reclamation  projects] 

197  Cost  to  the  U.  S.  Reclamation  service  of  draining  over  irrigated 

lands.    Engineering  and  contracting,  Jan.  6,  1915,  v.  43:  2. 

[Editorial  with  table  of  costs,  all  projects] 

198  Cowhick,  O.  G.     Administrative  matters  relating  to  construction 

contracts  of  the  Reclamation  service.  Reclamation  record, 
Feb.  1915,  v.  6:  72-3. 

199  Davis,  A.  P.     Comparative  cost  of  public  and  private  projects. 

Engineering  news,  Jan.  i,  1914,  v.  71 :  47-50. 

[Reply  to  John  E.  Field's  article  in  Engineering  news  of  Aug. 
21,  1913,  which  claims  that  private  enterprises  cost  about  one- 
half  that  of  government  enterprises] 

200      Power  development — reclamation  service  projects.     Rec- 
lamation record,  June,  1916,  v.  7:  262-4. 

[Address  delivered  at  the  29th  general  meeting  of  the  American 
electro-chemical  society,  Washington,  D.  C,  Apr.  27,  1916] 

201     Power  possibilities  of  federal  irrigation  projects.    Engin- 
eering news,  May  n,  1916,  v.  75:  875. 

202    Reclamation  of  arid  west  by  federal  government.    Ameri- 
can academy  of  political  and  social  science.  Annals,  Jan.  1908, 
v.  31 :  203-18. 

203  Dean,   W.    H.     The   drama   of   the   desert.     Technical   world, 

April,  1915,  v.  23:  169-72. 

[Home-making   with   the   aid   of   the   Reclamation   service] 

204    The  master  movie-maker.     Technical  world,   Jan.   1915, 

v.  22 :  730-32,  788. 

[Describes  the  work  of  H.  T.  Cowling,  chief  photographer  of 
the  Reclamation  service,  who  has  taken  18,000  feet  of  film,  staged 
upon  numerous  irrigation  projects  throughout  the  west] 

205  [Debate]     Resolved,  that  arid  and  swamp-land  reclamation  can 

be  undertaken  more  advantageously  by  government  activity 
than  by  private  enterprise.  Debate  between  Hon.  Will  R. 
King,  chief  counsel  of  the  U.  S.  Reclamation  service,  and  Hon. 
Carroll  B.  Graves,  of  Seattle,  Washington,  at  the  Interna- 
tional irrigation  congress,  El  Paso,  Texas,  Oct.  1916.  Recla- 
mation record,  Feb.-Mar.  1917,  v.  8:  74-81;  118-26. 

[Published  also  in  Irrigation  age,  Feb.-Mar.  1917,  v.  32:  54-8; 
70-76.  Covers  fully  both  sides  of  the  question  as  to  whether 


BIBLIOGRAPHY  153 

the  reclamation  of  our  arid  and   swamp  lands  may  be   worked 
out  more  advantageously  under  federal  or  private  control] 

206  Draper,  W.  R.     Irrigation:  how  the  federal  government  is  re- 

claiming   arid    land.      Independent,    May,    28,    1908,    v.    64: 
1172-78. 

207  Dugger,  J.  B.    Reclaiming  the  desert.     Collier's,  Aug.  3,  1912, 

v.  49:  29. 

208  Egleston,   W.  J.     Accumulation   of  evidence   of  beneficial  use 

of  water  before  adjudication  suit  is  filed  and  after  decree 
entered.    Reclamation  record,  Oct.  1915,  v.  6:  469-72. 

209  Farrell,   F.  D.     Demonstration  work  on  reclamation  projects. 

Reclamation  record,  Sept.  1915,  v.  6:  414-6. 

[Work  of  the  office  of  demonstrations  on  Reclamation  projects 
in  the  Department  of   agriculture] 

210  Field,  J.  E.     Cost  of  reclamation  service  and  other  irrigation 

projects  in  Colorado.     Engineering  news,  Aug.  21,  1913,  v. 
7o:  348-55. 

[Tables  and  conclusions   as   to   relative   cost  of   government  vs. 
private  enterprises] 

211  Finney,    E.    C.     Hydroelectric    power    development    on    public 

lands  in  relation  to  irrigation.    Reclamation  record,  Oct.  1914, 
v.  5 :  364-6. 

212  Fletcher,    Robert.    U.    S.    irrigation   work    in   the    Northwest. 

Engineering  news,  Nov.  14,  1912,  v.  68:  892-901. 

[Long  illustrated  article] 

213  Forbes-Lindsay,  C.  H.     Commonwealth  out  of  a  desert.  Crafts- 

man, Mar.  1908,  v.  13:  644-52. 

214    The  Reclamation  service;  our  greatest  agency  for  home-     * 

making.    Craftsman,  Jan.  1909,  v.  15:  454-65. 

215     Spending  $1,500,000,000  to  make  a  desert  bloom.     Har- 
per's weekly,  Feb.  2,  1907,  v.  51 :  158-61. 

216  Fortier,  Samuel.     The  present  stage  of  irrigation  development 

and  a  forecast  for  the  future.     Engineering  and  contracting, 
Dec.  13,  1911,  v.  36:  645-6. 

[Address  by  chief  of  irrigation  investigations,  Dept.  of  agricul- 
ture] 

217  Gardner,  Gilson.     Is  Uncle  Sam  turning  socialist?     Technical 

world,  June,  1913,  v.  19:  532-8. 

[Shows   excellent    results   attained   by    Reclamation    service,    and 
affirms  that  a  new  form  of  government  may  be  evolved] 

218  Gillette,  Edward.    Reclamation  service  from  the  viewpoint  of 

the  settler.     Irrigation  age,  June,   1916,  v.  31:   119-21. 

219  Gillette,  Edward.     Rural  credits  necessary  if  irrigation  enter-    -, 

prises  are  to  succeed.     Engineering  record,   Dec.  25,   1915, 
v.  72:  789-90. 


154        THE  U.  S.  RECLAMATION  SERVICE 

[Irrigators  have  insufficient  capital,  which  is  absorbed  in  break- 
ing land,  leaving  little  for  stock  and  equipment] 

220  A  government  coal  mine  [at  Williston,  N.  D.,  in  connection  with 

the  pumping  irrigation  project  in  North  Dakota]  Reclama- 
tion record,  Jan.  1914,  v.  5:  9-10. 

221  Government  forces  arbitrating  Colorado  water-rights  disputes. 

Engineering  record,  Nov.  15,  1913,  v.  68:  549. 

["Dispute  over  water  rights  between  the  U.  S.  Reclamation 
service  and  the  State  of  Colorado  to  be  arbitrated  by  commis* 
sion  of  three  expert  engineers"] 

222  Government  mine  at  Williston,  N.  Dak.  (editorial)     Coal  age, 

May  16,  1914,  v.  5 :  813. 

[A  small  mine  or  "country  bank"  operated  by  the  Reclamation 
service] 

223  Graves,  Carroll  B.     [Argument  of  Hon.  Carroll  B.  Graves,  of 

Seattle,  Washington,  in  a  debate  with  Hon.  Will  R.  King,  on 
the  subject  of  reclamation]  See  title:  Debate.  Resolved,  etc. 

224  Great  activity  in  the  U.  S.  Reclamation  service  (proposed  ex- 

penditure of  $23,000,000  in  1914)  Engineering  news,  Feb. 
12,  1914,  v.  71 :  376. 

225  Harding,  S.  T.     Pumping  plants  of  the  U.  S.  Reclamation  ser- 

vice.   Journal  of  electricity,  Aug.  i,  1917,  v.  39:  108-10. 

226  Helburn,   J.   W.     The   Eden  makers,   some   remarkable   things 

the  United  States  reclamation  service  is  doing.  American 
illustrated  magazine,  Mar.  1906,  v.  61 :  493-505.  illus. 

227  Henny,    D.    C.     Federal    vs.    private    irrigation.      Engineering 

news,  Jan.  15,  1914,  v.  71 :  120. 

["Comparison  is  made  between  the  cost  of  private  and  of  govern- 
ment irrigation."  Factors  affecting  the  cost  are  analyzed.  De- 
sirable changes  in  Reclamation  law  are  indicated] 

228  Holt,  L.  M.     How  the  reclamation  service  is  robbing  the  settler. 

Overland,  Nov.  1907,  n.s.v.  50:  510-12. 

[This  article  "presents  the  cause  of  a  great  number  of  farmers 
who  have  settled  upon  the  public  domain"] 

229  How  to  pay  for  reclamation.    Outlook,  May  7,  1910,  v.  95 :  7-8. 

230  An   important   Reclamation   service   decision    (editorial   on   O. 

and  M.  changes)  Engineering  news,  July  17,  1913,  v.  70: 
125-6. 

[Decision  of  U.  S.  Supreme  court  establishes  legality  of  main- 
tenance charge  of  the  irrigation  works  which  supply  water] 

231  Independent  opinion  on  the  Reclamation  service.     Engineering 

news,  Nov.  13,  1913,  v.  70:  987-88. 

[Editorial  with  extensive  quotations  from  H.  T.  Cory's  paper 
before  American  society  of  civil  engineers] 


BIBLIOGRAPHY  155 

232  King,  Will  R.     [Argument  of  Hon.  Will  R.  King,  chief  counsel 

of  the  Reclamation  service  in  a  debate  with  Hon.  Carroll  B. 
Graves,  on  the  subject  of  reclamation]  See  title:  Debate: 
Resolved,  etc. 

233    Irrigation  districts.     Reclamation  record,  Sept.  1916,  v. 

7:  404-6. 

234  Lane,  F.  K.     Economic  preparedness,  our  natural  resources  and 

how  they  are  being  developed.  Scientific  American,  Mar.  4, 
1916,  v.  114:  237. 

235     Our  paternal  uncle ;  how  Uncle  Sam  helps  those  who  help 

themselves.     Sunset,  Sept.  1914,  v.  33:  512-18. 

236    Settlers   with    small    farms    most    successful    on   United 

States    reclamation    projects.      Engineering    record,    Dec.    9, 
1916,  v.  74:  705-6. 

["Secretary  Lane  gives  increases  in  areas  irrigated,  value  of 
crops  and  number  of  homes — settlers'  success  depends  on  cost 
of  capital"] 

237  Leighton,  M.  O.     Engineering  construction  by  the  United  States 

Reclamation  service.  Journal  of  the  New  England  water- 
works association,  June,  1906,  v.  20:  127-51. 

[Information  concerning  the  great  water-supply  installations 
west  of  the  Mississippi  for  the  purposes  of  irrigation] 

238  Lemenager,  H.  V.     Government's  great  storage  dams.     Amer- 

ican review  of  reviews,  June,   1908,  v.  37:  689-98. 

239    An   improved   system   of   lettering   maps   and   drawings. 

Engineering  news,  July  18,  1907,  v.  58:  60. 

[Methods  of  the  U.  S.  Reclamation  service] 

240  Library   of   irrigation   data.     The   Contractor,   Sept.    15,    1915, 

v.  22:  33. 

[Extract  from  Reclamation  record  concerning  the  library  in  the 
Washington  office  of  the  Reclamation  service] 

241  Littlepage,  Mrs.  Louella.     Women  and  women's  clubs  on  the 

projects.     Reclamation   record,  July-Aug.    1914,  v.   5:   261-2. 

[This  article  includes  a  partial  list  of  project  women's  clubs. 
It  is  the  first  of  a  series  of  similar  articles,  published  each  month 
in  the  Reclamation  record  for  "project  women  and  their  in- 
terests".] 

^242     Lundgren,  Leonard.     Rights  of  way  for  irrigation  works  across 
government  land.    Western  engineering,  Feb.  1916,  v.  7:  61-2. 

[Legal  phases  of  the  question] 

243  ]  McKinney,  J.  M.     Administrative  relations  between  the  Wash- 

ington office  and  the  field  force.  Reclamation  record,  May, 
1915,  v.  6:  222. 

244  Mead,  Elwood.     Government  aid  to  irrigation  in  United  States' 

and  Australia.    Engineering  news,  July  30,  1914,  v.  72 :  234-6. 


156        THE  U.  S.  RECLAMATION  SERVICE  { 

[In  continuation  of  the  discussion  of  "What  is  the  matter  with 
irrigation"  begun  in  the  editorial  columns  of  the  issue  of  Engi- 
neering news  for  June  12,  1913] 

245  Mead,  Elwood.    Irrigation  in  America  and  Victoria ;  lessons  to 

be  learned.    Engineering  record,  Aug.  22,  1914,  v.  10:  220-1. 

[Elwood  Mead,  a  well-known  American  engineer,  in  charge  of 
extensive  irrigation  development  in  Victoria,  writes  of  the  fac- 
tors that  have  made  for  success  in  Australia] 

246    The  solution  of  the  land  question.    New  Republic,  April 

29,  1916,  v.  6:  348-9. 

["Efforts  now  being  made  to  correct  perversion  of  benefits  and 
to  make  the  reclamation  act  a  real  opportunity  for  the  landless 
homeseeker"] 

247  Morton,   O.    P.     Water-right   litigation.     Adjudication   or   so- 

called  determination  of  the  relative  rights  to  water  upon  a 
stream  system.  Reclamation  record,  June,  1915,  v.  6:  273-8. 

248  Murphy,  D.  W.     Cost  keeping  in  the  U.  S.  Reclamation  service. 

Engineering  news,  Sept.  8,  1910,  v.  64:  250-3. 

[Account  of  the  system  with  illustrative  forms] 

249  Murphy,  D.  W.     The  operation  and  maintenance  of  irrigating 

projects.     Engineering  record,  Aug.  5,  1911,  v.  64:  170-1. 

[Account  of  a  field  of  work  new,  in  some  respects,  to  engineers] 

250  Newell,    F.   H.     Classification   of   expenditures    for   irrigation 

work.  Engineering  and  contracting,  Mar.  I,  1916,  v.  45: 
201-4. 

251     Electrical  features  of  the  U.  S.  Reclamation  service  [with 

tables]     (In  American  institute  of  electrical  engineers.    Pro- 
ceedings, 1914.     New  York,  1914.    v.  33:  1583-98) 

["The  operations  of  the  Reclamation  service  are  of  interest  to 
electrical  engineers  not  only  in  novel  developments  and  applica- 
tions of  power,  but  also  as  illustrating  the  efforts  of  the  fed- 
eral government  in  the  construction  of  works  of  general  public 
utility"] 

252    The  human  element  in  irrigation  management.    Western 

engineer,  Feb.  1915,  v.  5:  330-4. 

[Difficulties  of  the  irrigation  manager  in  dealing  with  water 
users] 

253    Irrigation  manager  and  his  legal  problems.    Journal  of 

electricity,  power  and  gas,  Aug.  I,  1914,  v.  33 :  95-100. 

[Comprehensive  treatment  of  the  water  situation  in  the  western 
states,  particular  stress  being  laid  upon  the  economic  use  of 
water  as  the  determining  factor  in  its  assignment.  Illustrations 
of  speculation  evils  which  have  occurred  under  the  desert  land 
and  Carey  acts  and  of  their  elimination  under  the  Reclamation 
act] 


BIBLIOGRAPHY  157 

254  Newell,  F.  H.    The  manager  of  an  irrigation  project.    Western 

engineering,   Sept.   1914,  v.  5:   116-18. 

[Some  of  the  problems  an  irrigation  manager  has  to  solve] 

255    Organizing  a  civil  engineering  corps  for  the  Reclamation 

service.     Engineering  news,  July  21,  1904,  v.  52:  58-60. 

256    Reclamation   of   the   arid  west.     Science,  May   5,    1911, 

n.s.v.  33:  681-4. 

257    Reclamation  of  the  West.     National  geographic  maga- 
zine, Jan.  1904,  v.  15:  15-30. 

[Address   before   the   National   geographic   society.     Illustrated] 

258    The    Reclamation     service.      National    magazine,    June, 

1909,  v.  30:280-1. 

259    The  Reclamation  service.     Popular  science  monthly,  Dec. 

1904,  v.  66;  106-16. 

260    Reclamation,  the  work  of  the  government  in  providing 

irrigation   for   arid  and  hitherto  useless  lands   in  the  west. 
Outlook,  Aug.  25,   1906,  v.  83:  933-41.     illus. 

261     Ten  years  of  government  irrigation  work:  a  review  of 

the  activities  and  experiences  of  the  U.  S.  Reclamation  ser- 
vice since  the  passage  of  the  Newlands  act.     Engineering 
record,  Feb.  i,  1913,  v.  67:  128-30. 

262    The   United    States    Reclamation    service,    (organization 

and  progress)  Engineering  news,  June  15,  1905,  v.  53:  610-1. 

263    The  U.  S.  Reclamation  service  in  the  arid  west.     Engi- 


neering news,  Nov.  26,  1903,  v.  50:  485-6. 
—    What  I  am  trvinsr  to  do.     World's 


264    What  I  am  trying  to  do.     World's  work,  Feb.   1913,  v. 

25-  396-9- 

265    Work  of  the  United  States  Reclamation  service.     Jour- 
nal Franklin  institute,  July,  1907,  v.  164:  29-42. 

[Explains  the  provisions  of  the  Reclamation  act  and  gives  an 
illustrated  account  of  the  work  in  progress] 

266  Newlands,  Francis  G.    A  handsome  tribute  to  the  U.  S.  Recla- 

mation service.  Engineering  news,  Mar.  10,  1910,  v.  63: 
283-4. 

[Opposes  putting  any  limitation  upon  the  discretion  of  the  Secre- 
tary of  the  Interior  in  management  of  Reclamation  service] 

267  O'Donnell,  I.  D.    The  purpose  of  operation  and  maintenance 

conferences.     Reclamation  record,  March,  1917,  v.  8:  107-8. 

268  Our  gigantic  irrigation  work.     Country  calendar,  June,   1905, 

v.  i :  117-18. 

269  Page,  A.  W.    Real  conquest  of  the  west.    World's  work,  Dec. 

1907,  v.  15:  9691-704. 

270  Palmer,  Frederick.    The  service  that  makes  the  desert  bloom. 

Extraordinary  achievements  and  remarkable  organization  of 
the  United  States  Reclamation  service.  Hampton's  magazine, 
June,  1911,  v.  26:  699-712. 


158        THE  U.  S.  RECLAMATION  SERVICE 

271  Project  history  library  notes.     Reclamation  record,  Mar.  1916, 

v.  7:  106. 

[Statement  concerning  library  of  the  engineering  section  of  the 
Washington  office,  which  contains  2000  books  and  pamphlets, 
including  about  600  volumes  of  histories  of  the  various  pro- 
jects.] 

272  Reclamation  and  home-making;  symposium.     Scientific  Ameri- 

can, Aug.  12,  1911,  v.  105:  144-8. 

273  Reclamation  and  the  east.    Outlook,  June  20,  1908,  v.  89:  393-4. 

[Charges  the  government  with  unequal  distribution  of  benefits] 

274  Reclamation  of  the  arid  lands  of  the  west.    Scientific  American, 

Dec.  ii,  1909,  v.  101 :  428-9. 

x    275     Reclamation  put  in  the  pork  barrel.     Sunset,  Sept.  1914,  v.  33: 
456-8. 

276  Reclamation    service   has   unique   library.     Engineering   news, 

Oct.  21,  1915,  v.  74:  787. 

["In  the  Engineering  section  of  the  Washington  office  a  library 
of  over  500  volumes  of  histories,  specifications,  engineering  in- 
vestigations, cost  data,  etc.,  of  the  various  projects  under  con- 
struction and  being  operated  by  the  Reclamation  service.  Many 
of  these  volumes  are  in  manuscript  and  often  illustrated  with 
photographs."  From  Reclamation  record,  Sept.  1915] 

277  Reed,  V.     States  should  help  reclamation  work.    Irrigation  age, 

Jan.  1916,  v.  31:  119-21. 

278  Roddis,  E.  E.    Water  rights  of  the  United  States.     Reclama- 

tion record,  Sept.  1915,  v.  6:  423-4. 

279  Roosevelt,  Theodore.     Two  great  undertakings.     [Reclamation 

and  forest  services  of  the  U.  S.]  National  geographic  maga- 
zine, Nov.  1906,  v.  17:  645-7. 

280  Ruhl,  A.     Those  who  wait;  the  Reclamation  service  vs.  private 

enterprise.     Collier's,  Jan.  22,  1910,  v.  44:  22-23. 

281  Ryan,  W.  A.     The  extension  bill.    Its  terms  more  liberal  than 

other  countries  grant.  Reclamation  record,  April,  1914,  v.  5 : 
113-18. 

[Summary  of  what  other  countries  are  doing  for  their  settlers 
and  farmers] 

282  Scathing  arraignment  of  Reclamation  service  agitation,  report 

of  Central  board  of  review.  Engineering  record,  July  15, 
1916,  v.  74:  66-67. 

[The  first  issued  report  of  the  Central  board  of  review  supports 
contention  that  the  bulk  of  agitation  proceeded  from  speculators 
and  not  from  the  farmers] 

283  Shall  the  irrigation  settlers  be  given  relief?    Engineering  rec- 

ord, Nov.  27,  1915,  v.  72:  650-1. 

[Considers  proposition  to  give  settlers  further  relief — in  addition 
to  the  2O-year  extension  law] 


BIBLIOGRAPHY  159 

284  Smythe,  W.  E.    The  triumph  of  national  irrigation.    American 

review  of  reviews,  July,  1904,  v.  30:  49-51. 

[Portraits   of  Messrs.   Hitchcock,   Newell,  and  Walcott] 

285  Steward,  W.  G.     Some  methods  of  measuring  irrigation  water 

practiced  by  U.  S.  Reclamation  service.  Engineering  and  con- 
tracting, Aug.  21,  1912,  v.  38:  215-7. 

[Delivery  of  irrigation  water  to  users  requires  quick  and  ac- 
curate measurement] 

286  Stoutemyer,   B.   E.     Irrigation  districts:   their  relation  to  the 

Reclamation  service.  Reclamation  record,  Oct.  1914,  v.  5: 
361-3- 

387  Suggested  itinerary  for  engineers  desiring  to  visit  reclamation 
service  projects.  Engineering  news,  Feb.  18,  1915,  v.  73: 
363-4. 

288  Swanton,  W.  I.     Engineering  reference  library.    Pacific  builder 

and  engineer,  Feb.  1916,  v.  7:  64. 

[United   States   Reclamation  service  library] 

289    Excavation  done  by  U.  S.  Reclamation  service.    Engin- 
eering record,  July  n,  1914,  v.  70:  58. 

[Diagram  shows  comparative  excavation  done  by  the  Reclama- 
tion service,  the  Panama  Canal,  and  the  New  York  State  Barge 
Canal] 

290  Synopsis  of  hearings  on  the  present  status  of  reclamation  pro- 

jects. Engineering  and  contracting,  June  10,  1914,  v.  41 : 
671-3. 

[Hearings  showed  need  for  closer  supervision  by  Congress  over 
the  expenditures  of  the  Reclamation  service] 

291  Taylor,  E.  S.     The  relation  of  district  counsel  to  project  set- 

tlers.   Reclamation  record,  Feb.  1915,  v.  6:  69-71. 

292  Ten  years  of  government  irrigation  work;  review  of  activities 

and  experiences  of  U.  S.  Reclamation  service  since  passage  of 
Newlands  act.  Engineering  record,  Feb.  I,  1913,  v.  67:  128-30. 

293  Ten  years  of  government  irrigation  work.    Scientific  American 

Supplement,  Mar.  i,  1913,  v.  75:  142-3. 

294  Twenty  million  dollars  for  reclamation.    Outlook,  Jan.  14,  1911, 

v.  97'  52- 

[Summary  of  recommendations  made  by  the  Board  of  army 
engineers  in  its  report  to  the  President] 

295  The  United  States  Reclamation  service.     Scientific  American, 

Aug.  12,  1911,  v.  105:  102-6. 

[Special  articles  by  the  engineers  of  the  projects] 

296  The  United  States  Reclamation  service:  symposium.    Scientific 

American  supplement,  Aug.  12,  1911,  v.  72:  102-6. 


160        THE  U.  S.  RECLAMATION  SERVICE 

297  Vrooman,  Frank.    Uncle  Sam's  romance  with  science  and  soil. 

Arena,  Jan.  1906,  v.  35 :  36-46.    illus. 

298  Webster,  N.  E.  jr.    Discussion  of  methods  of  financing  irriga- 

tion  developments.     Engineering   and   contracting,    Feb.    14, 

1912,  v.  37:  188-9. 

299    Irrigation  finance.     Engineering  record,  Dec.  30,   1911, 

v.  64:  765-6. 

[Outlines  faults  in  present  system  and  suggests  better  methods] 

300  Welding  the  organization  together.     Engineering  record,  Oct. 

3,  1914,  v.  70:  366-7. 

[Editorial    with    reference   to    enlarged    scope    of    "Reclamation 
record"] 

301  Weymouth,   F.   E.     Federal   power   development   incidental  to 

reclamation  work.    Electrical  review  and  western  electrician, 
Nov.  7,  1914,  v.  65:  915. 

[Points  out  some  of  the  good  and  bad  features  of  federal  de- 
velopment] 

302  What  the  U.  S.  Reclamation  service  has  accomplished.     En- 

gineering record,  Sept.  12,  1914,  v.  70:  296. 

[Resume  of  results  accomplished  to  June  30,  1914] 

303  Willard,  Lucius.     Human  side  of  engineering  (camps  at  Arrow- 

rock,    Elephant    Butte,    and    Yakima)     Pacific    builder    and 
engineer,  July  17,  1915,  v.  20:  21-3. 

[Work  of  the   Human  engineer   (particularly  the  Y.   M.   C.  A. 
worker)   in  the  construction  camps] 

304  Willey,  D.  A.     What  conservation  means  to  the  nation's  pro- 

gress and  prosperity.     Putnam's,  Dec.   1909,  v.  7:  259-70. 

[After  interviews  with  Senator  Newlands.     Includes  account  of 
work  of  Reclamation  service] 

305    What  irrigation  is  doing  for  the  west.     Moody's  maga- 
zine, Mar.  1908,  v.  5 :  246-53. 

306  Wright,    H.     Government    as    a    homemaker.     World    to-day, 

Feb.  1906,  v.  10 :  156-63. 

PERIODICAL   ARTICLES — PROJECTS    (By   STATES) 
ARIZONA 

307  Blanchard,  C.  J.     Great  work  of  irrigation  in  the  west ;  story  of 

the  town  of  Roosevelt.    Travel,  Aug.  1907,  v.  12:  482-84. 

308  Blighton,    F.    Uncle    Sam,    lawbreaker.      Everybody's,    April, 

1913,  v.  28:  434-42. 

[A  story  about  the  Roosevelt  dam  and  charges  of  mismanage- 
ment by  the  Reclamation  service] 


BIBLIOGRAPHY  161 

309  Davis,   A.   P.    The   Salt   River  project.     Engineering  record, 

June  20,  1900,  v.  57:  768-9. 

310  Forbes-Lindsay,  C.  H.     Reclaiming  the  desert:  the  Salt  river 

valley  of  Arizona.    Craftsman,  Mar.  1909,  v.  15:  696-706. 

311  A  government  cement  making  plant.     Engineering  news,  Feb. 

25,  1904,  v.  51 :  177-8. 

[The  Tonto  cement  plant  installed  by  the  Reclamation  engineers 
for  use  in  constructing  the  Tonto  dam  in  the  Salt  River  Valley] 

312  Heard,  D.  B.     Construction  [of  the  Roosevelt  dam,  Arizona] 

World  today,  Oct.  1906,  v.  n:  1103-05. 

313  Our  cement  mill.    Independent,  Jan.  30,  1908,  v.  64:  261-62. 

[For  use  in  making  the  Roosevelt  dam] 

314  Roosevelt  irrigation  dam  in  Arizona.    Scientific  American,  Dec. 

16,  1905,  v.  93:  476. 

315  Government    cement    plant    at    the    Roosevelt    dam,    Arizona. 

Engineering  news,  Aug.  24,  1905,  v.  54:  208. 

[Complete  cement  plant  used  in  building  the  great  Roosevelt  dam 
— 200,000  barrels  of  cement  required  for  the  work] 

316  Willey,  D.  A.     The  great  Roosevelt  irrigation  dam.     Scientific 

American,  July  4,  1908,  v.  99:  10-11. 

317  Carter,  O.  C.  S.     The  government  irrigation  project  at  Roose- 

velt dam,  Salt  River,  Arizona.  (In  Franklin  institute.  Jour- 
nal, Jan.  1907,  v.  163:  277-301) 

ARIZONA-CALIFORNIA 

318  Arizona    (Ter.)     District   court    (Marie opa   County)     In  the 

District  court  of  the  third  judicial  district  of  the  territory 
of  Arizona  .  .  .  Patrick  T.  Hurley,  plaintiff,  the  United 
States  of  America,  intervenor,  against  Charles  F.  Abbott  and 
4800  others,  defendants.  Before  Chief  Justice  Kent  .  .  . 
Decision  and  decree.  Filed  March  ist,  1910.  Printed  by  Salt 
River  Valley  water  users  association.  Phoenix,  Ariz.,  Phoe- 
nix printing  co.  [1910].  80  p.  2  fold.  maps. 

319  Cory,  H.  T.     Yuma  irrigation  project  of  the  U.  S.  Reclamation 

service.  Engineering  and  contracting,  Dec.  18,  1912,  v.  38: 
696-9. 

320  Cost  review  board  proposed  for  Yuma  irrigation  project.    Engi- 

neering record,  May  8,  1915,  v.  5:  604. 

[To    apportion   construction   cost   and    charges    to    water    users] 

321  Holt,   L.    M.     Reclamation   service   and   the    Imperial   Valley. 

Overland,  Jan.  1908,  n.  s.,  v.  51 :  70-5. 

322  Laguna  dam.    Engineering  news,  Feb.  9,  1905,  v.  53:  146. 

323  Lawson,  L.  M.    The  Yuma  Valley  railroad.    Western  engineer- 

ing, Feb.  1916,  v.  7:  72. 

324  Lippincott,  J.  B.     Yuma  reclamation  project.     (In  Smithsonian 

institution.  Annual  report,  1904.  Washington,  1905,  p. 
383-8) 


162        THE  U.  S.  RECLAMATION  SERVICE 

COLORADO 

325  Building  the   rolling-crest  dam  across   Grand   river.      [Grand 

Valley  project]    Engineering  news,  July  13,  1916,  v.  76:60-4. 

326  Chapman,  A.     Watering  the  Uncompahgre  Valley  in  Colorado. 

Review  of  reviews,  Aug.  1909,  v.  40:  177-82. 

327  Dinsmoor,  W.  P.  J.     The  Gunnison  tunnel.     Mine  and  quarry, 

Sept.  1909,  v.  4:  315-9. 

328  McConnell,  I.  W.     Gunnison  tunnel  of  the  Uncompahgre  Valley 

project.    Engineering  record,  Aug.  28,  1909,  v.  60 :  228-33. 

[Records  completion  of  longest  irrigation  tunnel  in  the  world] 

329  Marsh,  Barton  W.     The  Uncompahgre  Valley  and  the  Gunni- 

son tunnel;  a  description  of  scenery,  natural  resources,  prod- 
ucts, industries,  exploration,  adventure,  &c.  Montrose,  Colo., 
Marsh  and  Torrence,  1905.  151  p. 

330  Page,  A.  W.     Running  a  river  through  a  mountain.     World's 

work,  Sept.  1907,  v.  14:  9322-30. 

[Construction  of   Gunnison  tunnel] 

331  Parsons,  E.     The  Gunnison  tunnel.     World  today,  Aug.   1905, 

v.  9:  872-75. 

332  Rolker,  A.  W.  and  Willey,  D.  A.    Heroes  of  the  Gunnison 

tunnel.    Everybody's,  Oct.  1909,  v.  21 :  505-16. 

333  Teichman,    F.     Large   roller-crest   dam,   Grand   valley  project, 

Colorado.      Engineering  news,  July  6,  1916,  v.  76:  1-4. 

[Details  of  design  of  largest  steel  roller-crest  dam  in  the  United 
States] 

334  Wilhelm,    A.     Great    Gunnison    irrigation    project.      Scientific 

American  supplement,  Sept.  18,  1909,  v.  68:  184-5. 

[Account  of  the  completion  of  the  irrigation  system  in  the  Un- 
compahgre Valley] 

IDAHO 

335  Arrowrock  dam,  Boise  irrigation  project.     Engineering  record, 

Feb.  22,   1913,  v.  67:  214-5. 

[General  description  (illustrated)  of  the  highest  dam  in  the 
world] 

336  The   Arrowrock   dam,   highest   in   the   world    [Boise   project] 

Cement  and  engineering  news,  Oct.  1915,  v.  27:  214. 

337  Bache,  Rene.     Government  runs  railroad  to  build  biggest  dam. 

Technical  world,  May,  1912,  v.  17:  311-14. 

[Boise  Arrowrock  railroad] 

338  Blanchard,    C.   J.     Minidoka   irrigation    project.      Engineering 

record,  Mar.  2,  1907,  v.  55:  244-6. 

339    The    Minidoka   project,    south    side    unit.      Reclamation 

record,  Jan.  1917,  v.  8:  23-5. 


BIBLIOGRAPHY  163 

340  Bliss,   G.  H.     Organization  of  irrigation  operation  and  main- 

tenance force  and  its  training.  Engineering  and  contracting, 
May  6,  1914,  v.  41  :  535-7. 

[Discussion  by  the  Project  manager  at  Boise,  Idaho] 

341  Clawson,  Ray  R.     Messhouse  management  at  Arrowrock  dam 

[Boise  project]  Engineering  news,  June  24,  1915,  v.  73: 
1201-3. 

[Description  of  messes  of  sufficient  capacity  to  accommodate  800 
to  900  men.  Illustrated] 

342  The  contractor's  plant  and  methods  used  on  the  Minidoka  irri- 

gation project.  Engineering  record,  June  22,  1907,  v.  55: 
733-5.  illus. 

343  Dibble,    Barry.     A    government    hydroelectric    power    system. 

Reclamation  record,  April,  1914,  v.  5:  131-3. 

[To  furnish  power  for  pumping  water  in  the  Minidoka  project] 

344  -  Operation  of  Minidoka  reclamation  project.     Journal  of 

electricity,  power  and  gas,  July  n,  1914,  v.  33:25-30. 

[Brief  description  of  the  power  development,  details  of  operating 
results.  Valuable  data  on  the  use  of  electricity  for  summer 
camping  and  winter  heating] 

345  Dille,  F.  M.     The  Minidoka  national  bird   reservation,  Idaho. 

Reclamation  record,  Dec.  1916,  v.  7:  564-5. 

346  Fortier,  Samuel  and  Bixby,  F.  L.     Minidoka  Dam.       (In  U.  S. 

Office  of  experiment  stations.  Bulletin  249,  part  II.  Wash- 
ington, 1912,  p.  57-64) 

347  Gaylord,  J.  M.     An  irrigation  pumping  system,  the  Minidoka 

hydroelectric  project.  Electrical  review,  Sept.  9,  1911,  v.  59: 
503-6. 

[Pumping  system  for  50,000  acres  of  land  in  the  Minidoka 
project] 

348  A  government  built,  owned,  and  operated  railroad.    Journal  of 

electricity,  power  and  gas,  April  18,  1914,  v.  32:  339. 

[Reprint  from  Reclamation  record.     Boise  Arrowrock  railroad] 

349  Lowell,  J.  H.     The  Boise  project.     Reclamation  record,  Nov. 

1915,  v.  6:  517-8. 

[Speech  delivered  at  the  dedication  of  the  Arrowrock  dam,  Oct. 
4, 


350  Mayhew,  A.  B.     Construction  camp  at  Arrowrock  dam.    [Boise 

project]     Engineering  record,  Aug.  2,  1913,  v.  68:  116-8. 

[How  necessities  and  amusements  are  provided  for  1400  work- 
ers located  200  miles  from  Boise,  the  nearest  city] 

351  Paul,    C.    H.    Arrowrock    dam    [Boise   project]     Engineering 

news,  June  6,  1912,  v.  67:  1061-5. 

[The  Construction  engineer  describes  his  work] 


164        THE  U.  S.  RECLAMATION  SERVICE 

352  Paul,  C.   H.  Arrowrock  dam  .  .  .   [Boise  project]   the  highest 

dam  in  the  world.  Engineering  and  contracting,  Aug.  21, 
1912,  v.  38:  218-9. 

353  A  solution  of  the  construction  camp  clubhouse  problem.    Engin- 

eering and  contracting,  Aug.  18,  1915,  v.  44:  118. 

[Editorial  reference  to  work  of  the  Y.  M.  C.  A.  at  Arrowrock 
camp,  Boise  project] 

354  Weymouth,  F.  E.     Government  projects  as  they  are  in  Idaho. 

Pacific  builder  and  engineer,  April  20,  1912,  v.  13:  329-31. 

[A  summary  of  the  Minidoka,  the  Payette,  Boise  and  the  Fort 
Hall  projects] 

355  Where  the  Reclamation  service  stands  high.    Sunset,  Oct.,  1915, 

v.  35 :  654-6. 

[Chorus  of  praise  from  settlers  on  the  Boise  project] 

MONTANA-NORTH     DAKOTA 

356  Conway,   J.    S.    The   Lower   Yellowstone   project.     Irrigation 

age,  July,  1907,  v.  22:  269-71. 

[Great  undertaking  in  Montana  and  North  Dakota  which  means 
the  reclamation  of  66,000  acres  of  arid  land  and  the  construction 
of  a  canal  70  miles  in  length] 

357  Savage,  H.  N.     Montana  reclamation  under  the  government. 

Pacific  builder  and  engineer,  Mar.  29,  1913,  p.  202-3. 

[Review  of  irrigation  work  within  the  state] 

NEBRASKA- WYOMING 

358  Branch,  L.  V.     Pathfinder  dam  and  reservoir,  Wyoming,  with 

reference  to  the  catchment  area  and  its  water  supply.  Monthly 
weather  review,  May,  1910,  v.  38:  736-9. 

359  Coulter,  W.  S.     Reclamation  of  the  North  Platte  valley.    Popu- 

lar science  monthly,  April,  1907,  v.  70:  372-77. 

360  "Deming,  W.  C.     Irrigation  projects  in  Wyoming.    Independent, 

May  9,  1907,  v.  62:  1079-85. 

361  North  Platte  irrigation  projects  and  associated  units.    Irrigation 

age,  Sept.  1916,  v.  31 :  160-70. 

NEVADA 

362  Bennett,  H.  I.    Truckee-Carson  reclamation  project.    Scientific 

American,  Sept.  1916,  v.  93:  216-17. 

363  Brown,    E.     Truckee-Carson    reclamation    project.      Scientific 

American  supplement,  Sept.  16,  1905,  v.  60 :  24829-30. 

364  Cole,  D.  W.     Lahontan  dam,  Truckee-Carson  irrigation  project, 

Nevada.    Engineering  news,  April  22,  1915,  v.  73:  758-62. 

[Illustrated  description  by  the  Project  manager] 


BIBLIOGRAPHY  165 

365  Forbes-Lindsay,  A.  W.    Reclaiming  the  desert :  the  transforma- 

tion of  arid  lands  into  farms  and  homes:  the  quickening  of 
Nevada.  Craftsman,  Feb.  1909,  v.  15:  573-84. 

366  Hardesty,    W.    P.    Truckee-Carson    project  .  .  .  Engineering 

news,  Oct.  18,  1906,  v.  56:  391-401. 

[Excellent  description  of  interest  to  engineers] 

367  Leonard,  A.  V.    The  Lahontan  dam.     [Truckee-Carson  pro- 

ject]    Cement  and  engineering  news,  Feb.  1914,  v.  26:  40-1. 

[Pictures  of  the  dam,  one  of  the  most  impressive  engineering 
structures  of  the  Reclamation  service] 

368  Oddie,  Tasker  L.    What  the  Reclamation  service  has  done  for 

Nevada.  (In  Conference  of  western  governors.  Proceedings, 
Salt  Lake  City,  June,  1913.  Denver,  [1913]  p.  66-70) 

369  Tillinghast,  F.  H.     Lahontan  dam,  Truckee-Carson  irrigation 

project.  Engineering  and  contracting,  Feb.  12,  1913,  v.  39: 
189-96. 

[Technical  description] 

NEW  MEXICO-TEXAS 

370  Campbell,  J.  L.     Two  theories  of  government,  the  Rio  Grande 

reclamation  project  (letter)  Engineering  news,  Dec.  22, 
1910,  v.  64:  693-4. 

[Includes  "Editorial  reply."  Criticism  of  new  conservation 
policies  of  the  government,  with  special  reference  to  the  Salt 
River  and  Rio  Grande  projects] 

371  Coghlan,  R.  R.     Elephant  Butte  reservoir  [Rio  Grande  project] 

to  serve  233  years.  Engineering  record,  Sept.  16,  1916,  v.  74: 
349- 

[Based  upon  a  weight  of  silt  in  the  dry  state  experimentally 
determined  at  92.34  Ib.  per  cubic  foot] 

372    The   manufacture   of  sand  cement  on  the  Rio   Grande 

project.     Reclamation  record,  March,  1916,  v.  7:  119-20. 

[Account  of  cement  plant  at  Elephant  Butte] 

373  Davis,  A.  P.     Address  of  ...  director  and  chief  engineer  of 

the  Reclamation  service,  at  the  dedication  of  the  Elephant 
Butte  dam.  [Rio  Grande  project]  N.  Mex.,  October  19,  1916. 
Reclamation  record,  Dec.  1916,  v.  7:  554-6. 


[History  of  the  project] 

agle  dam  and   reservoir 
news,  Aug.  18,  1910,  v. 

[Describes  chief  features  of  the  Rio  Grande  project] 


374    Eagle  dam  and  reservoir,  Rio   Grande   project.     Engineering 
news,  Aug.  18,  1910,  v.  64:  167-8. 


i66        THE  U.  S.  RECLAMATION  SERVICE 

375  Elephant  Butte  dam.    Engineering  record,  May  17,  1913,  v.  67: 

557-8- 

[Storage  dam  across  the  Rio  Grande] 

376  Link,   H.   B.     Cooperation  under  the   Elephant  Butte  project 

[Rio  Grande  project]     Reclamation  record,  Oct.  1915,  v.  6: 
459-62. 

377  Woehlke,   W.   V.    The   taming  of  the   Rio   Grande.     Sunset 

magazine,  Jan.  1916,  v.  36:  39-41,  88-89. 

[Historical  account  of  Dr.  Nathan  Boyd's  work  in  securing  the 
construction  by  the  government  of  the  Elephant  Butte  dam] 


OREGON 

378  Hopson,   E.   G.     Oregon  settlers  on  the   reclamation  projects. 

Pacific  builder  and  engineer,  Mar.  29,  1913,  p.  195-8. 

[The  economic  problems   of  the  hypothetical   occupant  of   Kla- 
math  and  Umatilla] 

379    State  and  federal  cooperation  in  irrigation  work.    Engin- 
eering record,  Dec.  20,  1913,  v.  68:  685-6. 

["How  $100,000  jointly  subscribed,  is  to  be  spent  by  the  Recla- 
mation service  and  the  State  of  Oregon"] 

380  Lewis,  J.  H.     Irrigation  projects  in  Oregon — outline  of  several 

developments    now    under    consideration.      Engineering    and 
contracting,  May  31,  1916,  v.  45:496-7. 

[Deschutes  project,  Ochoco  project,  John  Day  project,  Malheur 
project,  Owyhee  project] 

381  Newell,   H.   D.    Multiple-arch   diversion  dam  at  Three  Miles 

Falls,    Oregon.      Engineering   news,   May   27,    1915,    v.    73: 
1009-12.     illus. 

382  State  and  federal  cooperation  in  irrigation  and  power  in  Ore- 

gon.   Engineering  record,  Nov.  2,  1912,  v.  66:  499. 

[Recommends  that  the  state  and  Congress  should  vote  an  equal 
amount  in  bonds  for  development  of  irrigation,  etc.] 


OREGON-CALIFORNIA 

383  Blanchard,  C.  J.     The  Klamath  country.     Reclamation  record, 

Nov.  1916,  v.  7:  508-11. 

[Comparison  of  the  country  before  and  after  government  irriga- 
tion] 

384    What  the  great  Klamath  project  means.     Sunset,  Sept. 

1906,  v.  17:  207-14. 


BIBLIOGRAPHY  167 


SOUTH   DAKOTA 

385  Anderson,    D.    H.    The    Belle    Fourche   irrigation   project   in 

western   South   Dakota.     Irrigation   age,   July   1908,   v.   23: 

264-71- 

["Homes    for   thousands   in   a   delightful    country"] 

386  Patch,   W.   W.     The   Belle   Fourche   irrigation   works,    South 

Dakota.     Engineering  news,  Feb.  22,  1906,  v.  55:  210-12. 

UTAH 

387  Forest,  Newton.     The  great  irrigation  project  at  Strawberry 

Valley.     Scientific  American,  Mar.  29,   1913,  v.   108:  288-9. 

388  McFall,  L.    Utah's  great  irrigation  tunnel.     Technical  world, 

Dec.  1912,  v.  18:  485-87. 

WASHINGTON 

389  Baldwin,  E.  H.    Kachess  dam  on  the  Yakima  River  in  Wash- 

ington.    Engineering  record,  Jan.  27,  1912,  v.  65:  101-2. 

390  Blanchard,  C.  J.    Yakima  project,  Sunnyside  and  Tieton  units. 

Reclamation  record,  Dec.  1916,  v.  7:  559-62. 

[Description  of  the  project] 

391  Hopson,   E.    G.    The   Tieton   Canal    [Yakima   project]    (with 

discussion)    American   society   of   civil   engineers.     Transac- 
tions, Mar.  1911,  v.  71:  158-91.     (Paper  no.  1181) 

[Discussion  by  Messrs.  Sheley,  Dunham  and  Hopson] 

392  Swigart,  C.  H.    Washington  projects  under  U.  S.  reclamation. 

Pacific  builder  and  engineer,  Mar.  29,  1913,  p.  187-91. 

[Engineering,   water   charges   and   productivity   of   projects   and 
units   in   division] 

WYOMING 

393  Graves,  J.  H.     The  great  Shoshone  dam.     Case  and  comment, 

April,  1917,  v.  23:  892-6. 

MANUSCRIPTS 

-394  Abstract  of  results  of  conference  held  by  Hon.  Franklin  K. 
Lane,  Secretary  of  the  interior,  with  representatives  of  the 
Water  users'  associations  and  other  interested  bodies,  be- 
ginning at  i  p.  m.  on  May  I,  1913,  and  continuing  each  day 
thereafter  from  I  to  6  p.  m.  [until  May  17,  1913]  v.p. 

395  Boise  operation  and  maintenance  conference.     Reports  of  1st 

to  5th  conferences,  1911-1916.     5  v. 

396  Gunn,    Richards    and   company.    Department   of   the    interior. 

Compilation  of  reports  no.  01  to  055  inclusive.    Oct.  I,  1907. 
134  I- 


i68        THE  U.  S.  RECLAMATION  SERVICE 

[The  original  report  entitled  "Organization  and  methods  of  the 
Department  of  the  interior"  may  be  found  at  the  Department  of 
the  Interior.  Considerations  of  the  Reclamation  service  in  this 
report  are,  on  the  whole,  favorable] 

397  U.  S.  Reclamation  service.  Accounting  procedure  in  accounting 
division,  showing  what  accounts  are  kept,  reports  received, 
how  they  are  checked,  the  use  made  of  them  and  their  dis- 
position. Mar.  7,  1911.  28  1. 

398 First  to  third  annual  reports  on  the  operation  and 

maintenance  of  reclamation  projects.  1910-1912.  3  v. 

[Later  reports  are  found  in  the  Annual  reports  of  the  Reclama- 
tion service] 

399 Index   of   circulars,   memoranda,   instructions,   etc. 

Oct.   i,   1902 — Apr.  30,  1911.     145  1. 
400 Instructions  governing  field  accounting  on  the  Kla- 

math  project.    July  15,  1900.    9  1.     [and  exhibits] 
401 Operation    and    maintenance    discussions    1912-13. 

A-B,  D-H,  J-0,  Q-S.    v.p. 
402 Proceedings  of  the  first  annual  conference  of  chief 

clerks  (accountants)  held  at  Helena,  Montana,  Nov.  19  to  22, 

1912.    334  1. 

403 Standard  forms  for  contracts.    1913.    135  1. 

404 Northern    division.      Operation    and    maintenance 

conference,  Powell,  Wyoming,  Nov.  10-13,  1909.     199  1. 
405 Northern    division.      Operation    and    maintenance 

conference,  Helena,  Montana,  Dec.  14,  15,  16,  1911.    300  1. 
406 Washington  division.    Operation  and  maintenance 

conference,  annual  meeting,  North  Yakima.     1910.     149  1. 
407    Willcocks,   Sir  William.     Report  on  inspection  of  reclamation 

projects,  made  May  22  to  June  25,  1914.  (On  file  in  Depart- 
ment of  the  Interior) 

[In  addition  to  the  manuscripts  mentioned  above  which  are  to 
be  found  in  the  Institute  for  Government  Research,  attention  is 
called  to  the  following  volume  which  forms  an  index  to  material 
in  the  reference  library  of  the  Engineering  division  of  the  Wash- 
ington office  of  the  Reclamation  service:  "Feature  histories  and 
project  histories",  a  manuscript  list  of  several  hundred  volumes 
of  "reports  compiled  by  project  rnanagers  concerning  the  various 
activities  on  the  projects  during  the  calendar  year.  These  re- 
ports are  in  manuscript,  arranged  alphabetically  by  state,  then 
by  project.  The  reference  library  and  data  are  at  the  service 
of  engineers  and  others  interested  in  irrigation"] 


AUTHOR  INDEX  TO  BIBLIOGRAPHY 


[The   arable   numbers  refer  to  items,  not  to  pages.] 


Agricultural  implement  manufac- 
turers, 141 

American  society  of  irrigation 
engineers,  120 

Anderson,  D.  H.,  385 

Arizona    (Ter.)    District    court f 

318 

Ashbaugh,  S.  S.,  167 

Bache,  Rene,  337 

Baldwin,  E.  H.,  389 

Barri,  J.  G.,  168 

Bartlett,  D.  W.,  121 

Beadle,  J.  B.,  7,  169 

Bennett,  H.  I.,  362 

Biddle,  John,  18 

Bien,  Morris,  170 

Bixby,  F.  L.,  346 

Blackmar,  F.  W.,  171-172 

Blanchard,  C.  J.,  21,  122-123,  173- 

182,    307,    338-339,    383-384, 

390 

Blighton,  F.,  308 
Bliss,  G.  H.,  340 
Borah,  W.  E.,  183 
Boyd,  Nathan,  377 
Branch,  L.  V.,  358 
Brown,  E.,  363 
Brown,  H.  A.,  124-125 
Buchholz,  W.  D.,  44 
Burgess,  H.,  18 
Burr,  E.  W.,  184-185 

California.  Engineer  dept.r  108- 
110 


Campbell,  J.  L.,  370 
Carey  act  committee,  70 
Carter,  O.  C  S.,  317 
Chamber    of    commerce    of    the 

U.  S.,  126 
Chapman,  A.,  326 
Chittenden,  Hiram  M.,  78 
Clark,  W.  O.,  83 
Clawson,  R.  R.,  341 
Coghlan,  R.  R.,  371-372 
Cole,  D.  W.,  187-188,  364 
Coman,  Katharine,  189 
Conference  of  engineers,  11-12 
Conway,  J.  S.,  356 
Cory,  H.  T.,  231,  319 
Coulter,  W.  S.,  359 
Cowhick,  O.  G,  198 

Davis,  A.  P.,  23,  127-128,  199-202, 

309,  373 

Dean,  W.  H.,  203-204 
Deming,  W.  C,  360 
Dibble,  Barry,  343*344 
Dille,  F.  M,,  345 
Dinsmoor,  W.  P.  J.,  327 
Dodge,  O.  V.,  141 
Draper,  W.  R.,  206 
Dudley,  P.  R.,  70 
Dugger,  J.  B.,  207 

Eggleston,  W.  J.,  208 


Farrell,  F.  D.,  209 
Field,  J.  E.,  210 


169 


170        AUTHOR  INDEX  TO  BIBLIOGRAPHY 


Finney,  E.  C.,  211 
Fletcher,  Robert,  212 
Foley,  Frank,  129 
Forbes-Lindsay,   C.   H.,  213-215, 

3io,  365 

Forest,  Newton,  387 
Forestry  and  irrigation,  160 
Fortier,  Samuel,  216,  346 

Gardner,  Gilson,  217 
Gaylord,  J.  M.,  347 
Gillette,  Edward,  218-219 
Glassford,  W.  A.,  119 
Graves,  C.  B.,  205,  223,  232 
Graves,  J.  H.,  393 
Gray,  E.  D.  M.,  130 
Greely,  A.  W.,  8,  119 
Grunsky,  C.  E.,  131 
Gunn,    Richards    and    company, 
396 

Hanna,  F.  W.,  70 
Hardesty,  W.  P.,  366 
Harding,  S.  T.,  132,  225 
Harts,  W.  M.,  18 
Hayden,  Carl,  41 
Hays,  S.  H.,  59 
Heard,  D.  B.,  312 
Helburn,  J.  W.,  226 
Henny,  D.  C.,  227 
Hill,  L.  C,  59 
Hinton,  R.  J.,  9-10,  63 
Holt,  L.  M.,  228-321 
Hopson,  E.  G.,  378-379,  39* 

International     engineering    con- 
gress, 133 
International  irrigation  congress, 

134,  150 
Irrigation,  162 
Irrigation  age,  161,  165 
Irrigator,  165 


James,  G.  W.,  136 
Jones,  D.  P.,  61 

King,  W.  R.,  205,  223,  232-233 
Kutz,  C.  W.,  18 

Lane,  F.  K.,  234-236,  394 
Langfitt,  W.  C,  18 
Lawson,  L.  M.,  323 
Lee,  Charles  H.,  83 
Leighton,  M.  O.,  237 
Lemenager,  H.  V.,  238-239 
Leonard,  A.  V.,  367 
Lewis,  A.  D.,  137 
Lewis,  J.  H.,  380 
Link,  H.  B.,  376 
Lippincott,  J.  B.,  324 
Littlepage,  Mrs.  Louella,  241 
Lowell,  J.  H.,  349 
Lundgren,  Leonard,  242 

McClellan,  G.  B.,  31 
McConnell,  I.  W.,  328 
McFall,  L,  388 
McKinney,  J.  M.,  243 
Marsh,  B.  W.,  329 
Maxwell,  G.  H.,  52,  163 
Maxwell's  Talisman,  163 
Mayhew,  A.  B.,  350 
Mead,  Elwood,  138,  244-246 
Mieir,  W.  O.,  139 
Minidoka  railroad  co.,  140 
Mondell,  F.  W.,  28,  45 
Morton,  O.  P.,  247 
Murphy,  D.  W.,  249 

National  advocate,  164 
National  land  and  irrigation  jour- 

nal,  165 
Newell,  F.  H,  11-14,  22,  23,  31, 

45,  52,  58,  101,  142-147,  250- 

265 


AUTHOR  INDEX  TO  BIBLIOGRAPHY         171 


Newell,  H.  D.,  381 

Newlands,   F.   G.,   15-17,   52,  62, 

148,  266 
Nimmo,  Joseph,  149 

Oddie,  T.  L,  368 
O'Donnell,  I.  D.,  267 
Oregon.    State  engineer f  in 
Orendorff,  U.  G.,  141 
Orme,  J.  P.,  41,  61 

Page,  A.  W.,  269,  330 
Palmer,  Frederick,  270 
Parsons,  T.,  331 
Patch,  W.  W.,  386 
Patten,  John,  150 
Paul,  C.  H.,  351-352 
Powell,  J.  W.,  81 
Powers,  Le  Grand,  21 
Price,  C.  R.,  151 

Reclamation  record,  105 
Reed,  V.,  277 
Roddis,  E.  E.,  278 
Rolker,  A.  W.,  332 
Roosevelt,  Theodore,  89,  279 
Rowley,  C.  G.,  141 
Ruhl,  A.,  280 
Ryan,  W.  A.,  281 

Savage,  H.  N.,  357 
Smith,  C.  W.,  152 
Smythe,  W.  E.,  134,  153,  284 
Stabler,  Herman,  70 
Steward,  W.  G.,  285 
Stoutemyer,  B.  E.,  286 
Swanton,  W.  L,  288-289 
Swigart,  C.  H.,  392 

Taylor,  E.  S.,  291 
Teele,  R.  P.,  154 
Teichman,  F.,  333 


Tillinghast,  F.  H.,  369 
Tracy,  F.  G.,  155 

Union  Pacific  railroad  co.,  156 
U.  S.  Board  of  army  engineers, 

18,  138 

Bureau  of  the  census,  19-22 
Congress.       Joint     committee 
[on]    Interior  department, 

23 

House.      Committee   on   ap- 
propriations, 24-27 
Committee     on     expendi- 
tures, 28 
Committee    on    irrigation, 

29-51,  54 
Committee  on  public  lands, 

52 
Committee    on    ways    and 

means,  53 

Senate.     Committee  on  irri- 
gation, 55-63 

Dept.  of  Agriculture,  i,  64 
Dept.  of  the  Interior,  65-77 
Engineer  department,  78-79 
General  land  office,  80 
Geographical  survey,  81 
Geological  survey,  82-83 
Laws,  statutes,  etc.,  84-86 
Office  of  experiment  stations, 

2,87 

Office  of  irrigation  inquiry,  88 
President  (Roosevelt),  89 
Reclamation    service,    3-6,    90- 

118,  397-406 
Signal  office,  119 

Van  Hise,  C.  R.,  157 
Vrooman,  Frank,  297 

Webster,  N.  E.,  Jr.,  298-299 
Wells,  P.  P.,  44 


172         AUTHOR  INDEX  TO  BIBLIOGRAPHY 


Weymouth,  F.  E.,  301,  354 
Whinery,  Samuel,  158 
Whitehead,  J.  T.,  43 
Wilhelm,  A.,  334 
Willard,  Lucius,  303 


Willcocks,  Sir  William,  407 
Willey,  D.  A.,  304-305,  316,  332 
Wilson,  H.  M.,  159 
Woehlke,  W.  V.,  377 
Wright,  H.,  306 


GENERAL  INDEX 


Accounting  Division,  77-78 
Activities,  33-69 

classification,  98-99 
Administration,  cost  under  Carey 
Act,  7 

work  of  Chief  Counsel,  84 
Administrative  offices,  75,  76 
Agricultural  Department,  49 

advice  to  water  users,  68,  87 
Alfalfa,  on  projects,  87 
Amusement  enterprises,  57 
Annual  reports  of  service,  100 
Appointments,  by  Secretary,  74 
Appropriation   Act,    1918,   71 
Appropriations,  new  projects,  41 

water  supply  investigations, 

9-12 

Arid  lands,  I,  n,  26 
Arrowrock  dam,  38 
Artesian  wells,  21 
Attorney  General,  decisions,  30 
Authority    for   construction,   21, 

41,  46 
Automobiles,  use,  83 

Belle  Fourche  project,  37 
Bids,  53-54 

Boise  project,  36,  40,  55 
Bonds,  66 

Canal  riders,  83 
Canals,  33,  38,  83,  101 
Carey  Act,   cost   of   administra- 
tion, 7 
cost  of  colonization,  7 


Carey  Act,  provisions,  5-6 

results,  6-8,  16 
Carey  Act  bonds,  7 
Carey  Act  committee,  report,  7 
Carson  River,  storage  dam,  36 
Cement  plants,  55 
Cement  Testing  Section,  80 
Census  report  on  agriculture  by 

irrigation,  14 
Central  division,  81 
Charges    for    water    right.    See 

Water-right  charges 
Chief  Clerk,  77 
Chief  of  construction,  74,  76,  79- 

83 

Chief  counsel,  75,  84 
Chief  engineer,  74,  75,  76-77,  81 
Chinese  labor  excluded,  23 
Chittenden,    H.    M.,    Report    on 

reservoir  sites,  14-15 
Climate,   42 
Coal  mines,  55 
Colonization  enterprises,  2 
Comptroller  of  service,  75,  79,  86 
Construction    charges,    payment, 

3i,  59-6i 

Construction  rights,  72 
Construction  work,  51-57,  82 

by  contract,  53-55 

by  the  service,  52,  55 

estimates,  31,  32,  52 

statistics,  127-129 
Consulting    engineers,     function, 

74,  81 
Contracts,  52,  53-55,  84 


173 


174 


GENERAL  INDEX 


Cooperative  certificates,   29-30 
Cooperative    work    with    states, 

1 00- 1 01 

Cost  of  construction,  26 

Cost  keeping,  63 

Crops,  all  projects,  value,  26 

Dams,  33,  35,  36,  37,  38 
Davis,  A.  P.,  24 

Democratic  platform  of  1900,  15 
Demonstration   farms,   68 
Denver  office,  76,  79-83 
Desert  land  acts,  3-4 
Desert  lands,  definition  of,  4 
Designing  engineer,  80 
Designing  project  works,  47-57 
Director  and  chief  engineer,  74, 

75,  76-77 

Disbursing  section,  80 
Distributing   systems,   38-39 
District  counsel,  85 
District  offices  of  legal  division, 

84-85 

Ditches,  33 

Diversion  dams,  26,  33,  34,  35 
Drafting  section,  78 
Drainage,  39-40 
Drainage  engineer,  80 

East  Park  dam,  38 
Editorial   division,   78-79 
Eight  hour  day,  23,  57 
Electrical  engineer,   80 
Elephant  Butte  dam,  38,  55 
Employees,  number,  70 
Engineering  division,  78 
Engineering     publications,     IOI- 

102 

Engineering  section,  80 
Engineers  of  the  service,  51,  78, 

80,  81 
Equipment,  all  projects,  102 


Examiner  of  accounts,  79 
Executive  and  engineering  divi- 
sion, 75-83 
Expenditures    from    reclamation 

fund,  32,  124-125 
Experiment    stations,    68 
Extension  Act  of  1914.    See  Re- 
clamation Extension  Act. 

Farm  management,  68,  87,  101 
Farm  units,  58,  84 
Field  organization,  81,  82,  85 
Financial  management,  59-62 
Financial  statements,  123-126 
Fiscal  agents,  appointment,  73 
Fiscal  division,  86-87 
Flood  prevention,  14,  35 
Functions  of  service,  I 

Garfield,  J.  A.,  30 

Gate  tender,  83 

Geological  survey,  10,  n 
directs  Reclamation  service,  23 
stream  gauging  work,  12 
water  supply  investigations,  12, 
42,43 

History  of  service,  1-32 

Hitchcock,  E.  A.,  23,  27,  41 

Homestead  laws,  22,  58 

Hospital  service,  56 

Huntley  project,  34 

Hydroelectric  plants.  See  Power 
plants. 

Hydrography  division  in  Geologi- 
cal survey,  23 

Indian  lands,  28 

Information    for    settlers.      See 

Publicity  work. 
Inspection  of  contract  work,  54- 

55 


GENERAL  INDEX 


175 


Irrigable  area,  estimate,  1-2,  26 

selection,  42-44 
Irrigation,  reports  on,  14 
Irrigation    canals,    Mormon   pio- 
neers, 2 

Pueblo  Indians,  2 

remains  in  Arizona,  2 
Irrigation  congresses,  13-17 
Irrigation  development,  prior  to 

1880,  1-3 

Irrigation  districts,  65,  67,  81 
Irrigation  surveys.    See  Surveys. 

Jackson  Lake,  storage  capacity, 
36 

Klamath  project,  34 

Land  and  general  section,  84 

Land  office,  29,  44,  59 

Land  purchase,  83 

Land  titles,  83 

Lassen  County,  Cal.,  irrigation,  3 

Law  section,  84 

Laws,  reclamation,  text  of,  103- 
122 

Lawton  project,  32 

Legal  division,  83-86 

Location  of  projects,  41-47 
authorized  by  Congress,  41 
authorized  by  President,  31,  41 

Lower  Yellowstone  project,  34 

Manual,  reclamation,  63,  101 
Markets,  42,  87 
Maxwell,  G.  H.,  15,  17 
Measuring  water,  62 
Mercantile  stores,  56 
Mess  houses,  56 
Minidoka  project,  36,  40,  60,  67 
Missouri  River,  elevation,  35 
Mormons,  irrigation  works,  2 
Motorcycles,  use,  83 


Newell,  F.  H.,  17,  23,  24 
Newlands,  F.  G.,  irrigation  bills 

in  Congress,  17,  21 
irrigation  surveys,  43 
North  Dakota  pumping  project, 

34,35 

North  Platte  project,  39,  43 
Northern  division,  81 

Office  engineer,  80 
Opening  of  projects,  57-59 
Operation  and  maintenance,  62- 
64,82 

charges,  31,  58,  61,  67 

local  control,  32,  64-67 

manual,  63 

organization  of  service,  23,  70- 

97 
outline,  89-97 

Pacific  division,  81 
Pathfinder  dam,  37 
Photography  work  of  the  service, 

78 

Plans  of  irrigation  works,  50 
Policy,  changes,  26-27,  3J-32 
Powell,  J.  W.,  9 
criticized      by      congressional 

committee,  n 

Report  on  land  of  the  arid  re- 
gion, 8 

work  for  reclamation,  8-9 
Powell  Irrigation  survey,  n,  42 
Power  plants,  64 
President  of  the  U.  S.,  message, 

17-21 

orders  for  new  projects,  31,  41 
Private    enterprises,    legislation, 

3-5 

water  rights,  3-5,  35 
Private  land,  in  reclamation  pro- 
jects, 26-27 


176 


GENERAL  INDEX 


Project  manager,  67-68,  82 
Projects,  25,  26 
characteristics,  33 
list  of,  81-82 
primary,     disbursements     and 

collections,  126 
secondary,  25,  46 
Property  and  rights,  29 
Public   land   sales,   for   reclama- 
tion fund,  21 

Public    lands,    withdrawal    from 
entry,   10,  n,  21,  41,  44-45, 

7i.  84 

Public  notices,  58,  59,  83 
Publications  of  service,  100,  102 
Publicity  work,  78,  loi 
Pueblo  Indians,  irrigation  works, 

2 

Pumping  plants,  64 
Purchasing  Agent,  80 

Railroads,  42 

Receipts   of   Reclamation   Fund, 

124-125 

Reclamation  Act  of  1902,  modi- 
fications, 26-28 

passage  of,  16-23 

provisions,   21-22 
Reclamation  bills,  17,  21 
Reclamation  circulars,  101 
Reclamation  Commission,  24,  65, 

74-75 
Reclamation    Extension    Act    of 

1914,  31,  61 
Reclamation    Fund,    21,    30,    32, 

124-125 
Reclamation   Record,   68-69,    79> 

100 
Reclamation    work,    by    federal 

government,   movement    for, 

8-16 
by  private  enterprises,  3-5 


Reclamation  work,  by  states,  5-8 
Recreation  on  projects,  56 
Repayment    of    construction. 

charges,  61 

Republican  platform  of  1900,  15. 
Reservoir  sites,  Chittenden's  re~ 

port  on,  14-15 
reserved,  12 
selection,  11-12,  47-48 
Reservoirs,  investigation  author- 
ized by  Congress,  9 
Right  of  way,  4-5,  12,  13,  83 
Rio  Grande  project,  28,  40,  44 
Roosevelt,  Theodore,  27,  40,  47 
extract  from  message,  17-21 
Roosevelt  dam,  37,  55 

St.  Mary-Milk  River  canal,  44 

Salt  River,  Ariz.,  27 

Salt   River   project,   28,   37,   40^ 

67 

Sanitation  of  camps,  56 
Schools  on  projects,  57 
Secretary    of    the    Interior,    an- 
nounces opening  of  projects, 

58 

appoints  chief  officers  and  em- 
ployees, 74 
approves  bonds,  66 
functions  vested  in,  71-74 
imposes    operation    and   main- 
tenance charges,  31 
locates   and   constructs   irriga- 
tion works,  21,  41,  51 
order  of  Nov.  22,  1915,  71 
power  to   select  new  projects 

limited,  31 
submits   estimates    of   cost   of 

projects,  31-32,  52 
Seepage  and  drainage,  39 
Select    committee    on    irrigation 
and     reclamation     of     arid 


GENERAL  INDEX 


177 


lands.    Report  and  hearings, 
ii 

Settlement  conditions,  72 
Settlement  division,  78 
Settlement  pamphlets,  101 
Shoshone  project,  drainage,  40 
Snake  River,  40 
Soil,  42,  49 
Southern  division,  81 
Specifications,  made  in  Washing- 
ton office,  50 
Statistics    of    construction,    127- 

129 

Stewart,  W.  M.,  n 
Storage  dams,  15,  26,  36 
Belle  Fourche  project,  37 
Boise  river  project,  38 
Carson  River,  36 
North  Platte  project,  37 
Orland  project,  38 
Rio  Grande  project,  38 
Salt  River  project,  37 
Umatilla  project,  37 
Storage  works,  35-38 
Supervisor  of  Irrigation,  68,  74, 

86-87 

Surplus  power,  sale,  31 
Surplus  water,  sale,  31,  62 
Surveys  of  arid  regions,  appro- 
priation for,  10 
report  on,  8 
Surveys  of  public  lands,  45 

Tahoe  Lake,  36 
Technical  section,  78 
Topographic    maps,    n,    12,    43, 

101 

preparation,  48-50 
Transfer  of  credit,  30 
Transfer  of  works  to  owners  oi 

land,  32,  64-67 
Treaty  with  Great  Britain,  44 


Treaty  with  Mexico,  44 
Truckee-Carson  project,  25,  27, 

36,  55 
Tunnels,  33,  34 

Umatilla  project,  37,  39 

Union  Colony,  Greeley,  Colo.,  2 

Use  book.    See  Manual. 

Walcott,  C.  D.,  23 
Walcott  Lake,  36 
Washington  office,  75 
Water,  use  of,  regulated,  72 
Water  delivery,  plans,  82 

records,  63,  82 
Water  masters,  83 
Water-right  charges,  58,  62 
on  private  lands,  26-28 
security  for,  28,  45~46,  62 
Water  rights,  law,  3,  22,  83,  84 
Water  supply,  i,  3,  14,  27 
data,  42-43»  45 
elevation,  34 
investigations     by     Geological 

survey,  12,  43 
Water  users,  information  for,  67- 

69 

Water  users'  associations,  coop- 
erative certificates,  29-30 
form  of  agreement,  46 
mortgage,  45 -46,  62 
organization,  28,  45,  66,  101 
transfer  of  'works  to,  65 
Weirs.    See  Diversion  dams. 
Williston  coal  mine,  35,  55,  64 
Williston  power  plant,  35,  64 
Withdrawal  of  lands.    See  Pub- 
lic lands. 

Yakima  project,  36 
Yuma  project,  34 

Zanjeros.    See  Canal  riders. 
(1) 


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